There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.

4. Ecosystem-Based Mitigation: Examples e.g. Afforestation & Reforestation (CDM) Increasing carbon in ecosystems t With reforestation Carbon in ecosystem Baseline Avoiding loss of carbon from ecosystems Conservation Carbon in ecosystem t Baseline (deforestation) e.g. Avoided Deforestation (REDD)

5. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: Examples Increasing rainfall intensity => Increased soil erosion, sedimentation in hydroelectric dams. Upstream soil conservation = Adaptation. Soil conservation and hydroelectricity in Central America Climate events affect local communities. Forest products less sensitive than agriculture. Forests = Safety nets. Better forest management = Adaptation. Forests and local people in Central Africa Coastal vulnerability (storms, waves, sea level rise). Protective role of mangroves + provision of goods. Better mangrove management = Adaptation. Mangroves and coastal areas in Asia

8. Synergies in subnational initiatives: Mitigation influencing adaptation Locatelli, B, Evans, V, Wardell, A, Andrade, A & Vignola, R 2011, ‘Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation’, Forests , vol 2, no 1, pp431-450 http://www. mdpi .com/1999-4907/2/1/431/pdf Link Rationale Examples in Latin America Mitigation => Adaptation of forest REDD+ projects can increase ecosystem resilience in landscapes No explicit reference Mitigation => Adaptation of people REDD+ projects influences livelihoods and community adaptation Noel Kempff (Bolivia), Chinchiná (Colombia), Scolel Té (Mexico), Juma (Brazil)

9. Synergies in subnational initiatives: Adaptation influencing mitigation Locatelli B., Evans V., Wardell A., Andrade A., Vignola R., 2011. Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation. Forests 2(1): 431-450. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/2/1/431/pdf Link Rationale Ex. in Latin America Adaptation of forest => Mitigation Adaptation measures can increase the permanence of carbon in a changing climate Klinki (Costa Rica), Return to Forests (Nicaragua) Adaptation of people => Mitigation (i) EBA projects conserve ecosystems (and carbon). (ii) EBA projects can benefit the clean energy sector (iii) Adaptation in agriculture can preserve agricultural yield and avoid displacement of agriculture to forests (i) Tegucigalpa water (Honduras), Colombian mountains (Colombia), AdapCC (Peru) (ii) Chingaza (Colombia) (iii) No explicit reference

14. Research idea: Livelihoods and governance Scenarios Best practices (e.g. combining scientific modelling and participatory assessment) for defining and analysing future scenarios and pathways for mitigation & adaptation

17. Thank you!