Education

1. COSMETICS
22.7.1.Describe preparation and applications of various cosmetics
like nail varnish, nail polish remover, hair dyes and lipsticks.
EHTISHAM UL HAQ

2. Preparation Of Nail Varnish
 Mixing the pigment with nitrocellulose and plasticizer
 1 The pigments are mixed with nitrocellulose and plasticizer using a
"two-roll" differential speed mill. This mill grinds the pigment between a
pair of rollers that are able to work with increasing speed as the pigment
is ground down. The goal is to produce fine dispersion of the color. A
variation of this mill is the Banbury Mixer (used also in the production of
rubber for rubber bands).
 2 When properly and fully milled, the mixture is removed from the mill in
sheet form and then broken up into small chips for mixing with the
solvent. The mixing is performed in stainless steel kettles that can hold
anywhere from 5 to 2,000 gallons. Stainless steel must be used because
the nitrocellulose is extremely reactive in the presence of iron. The
kettles are jacketed so that the mixture can be cooled by circulating cold
water or another liquid around the outside of the kettle. The
temperature of the kettle, and the rate of cooling, are controlled by both
computers and technicians. This step is performed in a special room or
area designed to control the hazards of fire and explosion. Most modern
factories perform this step in an area with walls that will close in if an
alarm sounds and, in the event of explosion, with ceilings that will safely
blow off without endangering the rest of the structure.

3.  Adding other ingredients
 3 Materials are mixed in computerized, closed kettles.
At the end of the process, the mix is cooled slightly
before the addition of such other materials as perfumes
and moisturizers.
 4 The mixture is then pumped into smaller, 55 gallon
drums, and then trucked to a production line. The
finished nail polish is pumped into explosion proof
pumps, and then into smaller bottles suitable for the
retail market.
Preparation Of Nail Varnish

4. Preparation Of Nail Polish
Remover
 Nail polish remover is an organic solvent used to remove
nail polish from the nails.
 Composition of ...
 Acetone (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) C3H6O
 Ethyl Acetate- colorless, flammable liquid
 Butyl Acetate- production of lacquers
 Aloe Vera- protects and conditions the nails
 Glycerin- helps nails and skin from drying out
 Cetyl Acetate- skin conditioning agent and emollient
 Petroleum- chemical compound with 5 membered lactam
 Phthalic Anhydride- made from crystalline

5. Preparation Of Nail Polish
Remover
 Nail polish remover is made up of acetone which is very
powerful and effective when taking off nail polish. The formula
of acetone is C3H6O. Acetone is made up of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen combined. It is a chemical that is found naturally in
the environment and is produced in factories all over. However
some acetone is man-made.
 Petroleum-derived components is the next ingredient.
Petroleum is the basic ingredient in many cosmetics todays as
well as mineral oil. Petroleum is produced in oil making
factories. It is made up of a refined oil. It is a fossil fuel and is
made naturally from dead plants and animals.
 Nail polish remover can be made in home by using a liquid
paint thinner bought from any store since acetone cannot be
made in home.

6. Preparation Of Hair Dyes
 Checking ingredients
 1 Before a batch of hair dye is made, the ingredients must be
certified. That is, the chemicals must be tested to make sure
they are what they are labeled, and that they are the proper
potency. Certification may be done by the manufacturer in-
house. In many cases, the ingredients arrive from a reputable
distributor who has provided a Certificate of Analysis, and this
satisfies the manufacturer's requirements.
 Weighing
 2 Next a worker weighs out the ingredients for the batch. For
some ingredients, only a small amount is necessary in the
batch. But if a very large batch is being made, and several
ingredients are needed in large amounts, these may be piped
in from storage tanks.

7. Preparation Of Hair Dyes
 Mixing
 4 The pre-mix is then added to a larger tank, containing the
other ingredients of the hair dye. In a small batch, the tanks
used may hold about 1,600 lbs (725 kg), and they are portable.
A worker wheels the pre-mix tank to the second mix tank and
pours the ingredients in. For a very large batch, the tanks may
hold 10 times as much as the portable tanks, and in this case
they are connected by pipes.
 In a formula in which no pre-mixing is required, after checking
and weighing, the in gredients go directly to the mixing step.
The ingredients are simply mixed in the tank until the proper
consistency is reached.
 If a heated pre-mix is used, the second mix solution must be
allowed to cool. The ingredients that follow the pre-mix may
be additional solvents, surfactants, and alkalizers. If the formula
includes alcohol, it is no added until the mix reaches
104°F(40°C), so that it does not evaporate. Fragrances too are
often added at the end of the mix.

8. Preparation Of Hair Dyes
 Filling
 5 The finished batch of hair dye is then piped or delivered to a
tank in the filling area. A nozzle from this tank lets a measured
amount of hair dye into bottles, moving beneath it on a belt.
The filled bottles continue on the belt to machines, which affix
labels and cap them.
 Packaging
 6 From the filling area, the bottles are taken to the packaging
line. At the packaging line, the hair dye bottle is put in a box,
together with any other elements such as a bottle of developer
or special finishing shampoo, instruction sheet, and gloves and
cap, or any other tools provided for the consumer. After the
package is complete, it is put in a shipping carton. The full
cartons are then taken to the warehouse to await distribution.

9. Preparation Of lipsticks
 Melting and mixing
 First, the raw ingredients for the lipstick are melted and mixed separately
because of the different types of ingredients used. One mixture contains the
solvents, a second contains the oils, and a third contains the fats and waxy
materials. These are heated in separate stainless steel or ceramic containers.
 The solvent solution and liquid oils are then mixed with the color pigments.
The mixture passes through a roller mill, grinding the pigment to avoid a
"grainy" feel to the lipstick. This process introduces air into the oil and
pigment mixture, so mechanical working of the mixture is required. The
mixture is stirred for several hours; at this point some producers use vacuum
equipment to withdraw the air.
 After the pigment mass is ground and mixed, it is added to the hot wax mass
until a uniform color and consistency is obtained. The fluid lipstick can then
be strained and molded, or it may be poured into pans and stored for future
molding.
 If the fluid lipstick is to be used immediately, the melt is maintained at
temperature, with agitation, so that trapped air escapes. If the lipstick mass is
stored, before it is used it must be reheated, checked for color consistency,
and adjusted to specifications, then maintained at the melt temperature (with
agitation) until it can be poured.

10. Preparation Of lipsticks
 As expected, lipsticks are always prepared in batches because of the
different color pigments that can be used. The size of the batch, and the
number of tubes of lipstick produced at one time, will depend on the
popularity of the particular shade being produced. This will determine the
manufacturing technique (automated or manual) that is used. Lipstick may
be produced in highly automated processes, at rates of up to 2,400 tubes
an hour, or in essentially manual operations, at rates around 150 tubes per
hour. The steps in the process basically differ only in the volume produced.
 Molding
 Once the lipstick mass is mixed and free of air, it is ready to be poured into the
tube. A variety of machine setups are used, depending on the equipment that
the manufacturer has, but high volume batches are generally run through a
melter that agitates the lipstick mass and maintains it as a liquid. For smaller,
manually run batches, the mass is maintained at the desired mix temperature,
with agitation, in a melter controlled by an operator.
 The melted mass is dispensed into a mold, which consists of the bottom portion
of the metal or plastic tube and a shaping portion that fits snugly with the tube.
Lipstick is poured "up-side down" so that the bottom of the tube is at the top of
the mold. Any excess is scraped from the mold.

11. Preparation Of lipsticks
 Molding (cont.)
 The lipstick is cooled (automated molds are kept cold; manually
produced molds are transferred to a refrigeration unit) and
separated from the mold, and the bottom of the tube is sealed.
The lipstick then passes through a flaming cabinet (or is flamed by
hand) to seal pinholes and improve the finish. The lipstick is
visually inspected for air holes, mold separation lines, or
blemishes, and is reworked if necessary.
 For obvious reasons, rework of the lipstick must be limited,
demonstrating the importance of the early steps in removing air
from the lipstick mass. Lipstick is reworked by hand with a spatula.
This can be done in-line, or the tube can be removed from the
manufacturing process and reworked.

12. Preparation Of lipsticks
 Labeling and packaging
 After the lipstick is retracted and the tube is capped, the lipstick is ready
for labeling and packaging. Labels identify the batch and are applied as
part of the automated operation. While there is a great deal of emphasis
on quality and appearance of the finished lipstick product, less emphasis is
placed on the appearance of lip balms. Lip balms are always produced in
an automated process (except for experimental or test batches). The
heated liquid is poured into the tube in the retracted position; the tube is
then capped by machine—a far less laborious process.
 The final step in the manufacturing process is the packaging of the lipstick
tube. There are a variety of packaging options available, ranging from bulk
packs to individual packs, and including packaging as a component in a
makeup kit or special promotional offering. Lip balms are packaged in
bulk, generally with minimum protection to prevent shipping damage.
Packaging for lipsticks varies, depending on what will happen at the point
of sale in the retail outlet. Packaging may or may not be highly automated,
and the package used depends on the end use of the product rather than
on the manufacturing process.

13. Applications of Various
Cosmetics
 NAIL VARNISH: Women use nail polishes for decorating their
nails. While rest of people use them to fix small tears in window
screen, prevent rust, cover up car nicks, mark and label different
things, slow the process of cracked windshield, protect sensitive
skin by covering up skin irritating metals on cloths, prevent
broken glasses, increase lifetime of glasses, waterproof matches
and to seal envelops.
 NAIL POLISH RMOVER: For girls it’s just a nail polish remover. But
for rest of homosapiens it’s a lot more than that. It’s used for
cleaning things, restoring floor from little cracks, rejuvenating
stained china, shining shoes, erasing superglue, reviving a watch
from cuts and dings, making marker disappear, cleaning razors
and eliminating bathtub ring (getting rid of soap and scum
stains).

14. Applications of Various
Cosmetics
 HAIR DYES: Hair dyes are used for changing the colour of
the hair.
 LIPSTICKS: Lipsticks are used for colouring the lips by girls
and women. They are also used as emergency firestarter, to
write something (when u can’t find something else to write
with), as lip or skin balm, for camouflaging, as grease or
lubricant, for bartering things with girls :D and lipstick tubes
can be used as containers.