1. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Lecture 2
Prepared by Raizza
Corpuz

2. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

3. Branches of Philosophy
Ethics
Politics
Religion
Metaphysics
Logic
Epistemology
Aesthetics
Science

4. Ethics
Questions:
How should we live?
What is good and evil?
What is the best way to live?
What is Justice?
Is right and wrong the same
everywhere or different
everywhere?

5. Ethics
A philosophical study on the morality (goodness or
badness) of human actions (conduct)
What should one do?
Descriptive – Sociology
Normative – Prescriptive
Meta ethics – How do we arrive at moral judgment?

6. Epistemology
Explores the nature and
limitations of knowledge
Definition of
knowledge
Investigates how
knowledge is obtained
Explores the
relationship between
belief, truth and
knowledge

7. Epistemology
Questions:
What is knowledge?
How is knowledge acquired?
How do we know what we know?

8. What is Epistemology?
Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-,
"knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of
knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with
the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge
• How knowledge is relates to truth, belief, and
justification.
• The means of production of knowledge

9. Epistemological
Questions
What is knowledge?
How is knowledge acquired?
What do people know?
How do we know what we know?
Is human knowledge trustworthy?
Can our senses be trusted?
Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom

10. Metaphysics
Knowledge Science
• Explores the fundamental
nature of reality and being
Ontology
Existence
Objects
Properties
Space and Time
Cause and Effect

11. Metaphysics
Questions:
What is real?
What is reality?
What is reality like?

12. METAPHYSICS
Questions:
1.Reality
2.Time
3.Space
4.Presentism
5.Relativistic Concept

13. Politics
Political Philosophy
Explores the relationship between
citizens and governments
Liberty
Legal Justice
Property Ownership
Citizen's Rights
System of Law

14. Politics
Questions:
How should government be
organized?
What makes a government
legitimate?
Who decides who the
leaders should be?
What laws are good and
necessary?
How should law be
enforced?

15. Aesthetics
Sensori-Emotional
Values
Explores the nature of
beauty, art, and taste
with the creation and
appreciation of beauty

16. Aesthetics
Questions
What is beauty?
What is art?
What is the value of
beauty and art?
Who should judge what
is beautiful or artistic?
How should art and
beauty be judged?

17. Aesthetics
Discussion:
• On the left is Marcel
Duchamp's ready-
made “sculpture”
called “Fountain”.
It's a factory-made
urinal on a stand.
• Is this “Art”?
• Why / Why not?
• Is it beautiful?
Offensive?
• Why?

18. Religion
Philosophy of Religion
Branch of philosophy concerned
with questions regarding
religion
Nature & Existence of God
Theology
Examination of Religious
Experience
Analysis of Religious language
and texts
Relationship between
Religion and Science

19. Religion
Questions
• Does God exist?
• What is God?
• What is the nature of the
relationship between God
and humans?
• Is God active in the world?
How?
• Is there life after death?
• What is the relationship
between Religion and Ethics?
...Religion and Science?

20. Religion
Pantheism
What is God?
God is the Universe and the
Universe is God.
There is no distinction
between God and the universe
(nature).
Some forms of Buddhism are
examples of pantheism.

21. Religion
Panentheism
What is God?
God is in the Universe
and the Universe is in
God
God is more than the
Universe.
God and the Universe
are connected but not
identical.

22. Philosophy of Science
Science
Concerned with the
assumptions, foundations,
methods and implications
of science.
Empirical Verification
Inductive Logic
Objectivity of the
Observer

23. Philosophy of Science
Questions
• What is the natural world?
• How should we study
nature?
• What methods are useful in
the study of nature?
• Can science establish
Natural Laws which are
absolute (true everywhere
and for everyone)?
• What are the limits of
scientific knowledge?

24. Logic
Rules for Thinking
The systematic principles
(or rules) for thinking
rationally.
Inferences are made
by construction of
Arguments
Rules of Logic
determine which
arguments are VALID
and which are
FALACIES

25. LOGIC
A philosophical study on the correct
processes of thinking.
The systematic study of argument
The rule of inference
Distinguishing valid from invalid
argument
Examination fallacies
Using correct argument patterns

26. Logic
A philosophical study
on the correct
processes of thinking.
The systematic study
of argument
The rule of inference
Distinguishing valid
from invalid
argument
Examination fallacies Using correct
argument patterns

27. And Jonathan Lear has said,
• "Aristotle shares with modern logicians a
fundamental interest in metatheory": his
primary goal is not to offer a practical
guide to argumentation but to study the
properties of inferential systems
themselves.

28. Logic,
• from Classical Greek λόγος (logos),
means originally the word, or what is
spoken, (but comes to mean thought
or reason).
• The exact definition of logic is a
matter of controversy among
philosophers, but It is often said to be
the study of arguments.

29. •Aristotle holds, exactly one
member of any contradiction is
true and one false: they
cannot both be true, and they
cannot both be false.
• NO T/T or F/F
Just: T/F

30. Aristotle's analysis of the simplest form
of argument: the three-term Syllogism.
• The standard example in philosophy
has always been:
• All men are mortal. [Premise1 in the
form: All B's are C's.]
• Socrates is a man. [Premise 2 in the
form: (All) A is B.]
• Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
[Conclusion in the form: All A's
are C's.]

31. E. G
1.) All men are mortal
2.) No gods are mortal
Therefore:
3.) No men are gods.
1.) Everybody likes Fridays
2.) Today is Friday
Therefore:
3.) Everybody likes today

32. • All B's are A's.
• All C's are B's.
• All C's are A's.
The syllogism has two premises and a conclusion.
Each premise is a proposition with a subject term
and a predicate term. In the conclusion, the
subject term is C and the predicate term is A.
There is also a "middle term" B, which is the term
linking the C's and the A's.
Hence Aristotle regards the middle term as what
provides the explanation (i.e., B explains why all
C's are A's.)

34. THANK YOU!!!