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Unit 9, ENGLISH IV CODE NO  6471
UNIT 09
MODERN TRENDS IN LITERATURE
PRESENTED BY
GHAZANFAR ALI
SUBJECT SPECIALIST (ENGLISH)
QAED ( FORMER GOVT.COLLEGE FOR ELEMENTARY TEACHERS) NAROWAL
 The objectives of this chapter are to enable you to:
 understand the features ofTraditional LiteraryTheory
 develop the understanding about meaning in
Structuralism and Post Structuralism
 develop comprehension about the salient features of
various contemporary trends in literature
 acquire information about role of reader in
understanding of literature
 Enable students to improve language skills especially
reading and writing.
 Traditional LiteraryTheory
 New Criticism
 Feminism and its kinds
 Marxism
 Stylistics
 Discourse Analysis
 Critical Discourse Analysis
 Racism
 Post Colonialism
TRADITIONAL LITERARY THEORY
 Students were usually asked following
questions:
 the biographical elements in the poems
of William Wordsworth
 Moral appeal in the King Lear by William
Shakespeare
 Prove Dr. Faustus as a Renaissance
play
 Prove Stephen Daedalus by James
Joyce an aesthetically appealing novel
 Find out the autobiographical elements
in the novel Mill on The Floss by George
Eliot
CRITICS VERSUS READERS
 In the analysis of a literary text the role of a
reader is of greater significance. Reader
attains central importance in analysis of
text because reader is final destination of
text in this regard
 READER V/S AUTHOR IN A LITERARY TEXT
AND INTERTEXT
 Texts besides having dialogues among
various characters present within it, also
assumes shape of a dialogue between it
and its readers. Text can be comprehended
by exploring relationship between a text
and a reader.
FORMALISM AND NEW CRITICISM
 ‘Traditional Literary Criticism’ was first
challenged and replaced by
‘Formalism’ which is an analytical
approach that focuses on literary form
and the study of literary devices within
the text
 The “New Criticism,” in America
made formalist literary criticism more
systematic and planned. The New
Critics wanted accuracy in the work of
literature. In addition they focused
STRUCTURALISM
 Structuralism is an approach in
academia which examines kinship
between basic principal elements in
fields of language and literature, and
disciplines where structures related to
linguistic, social and cultural are
molded. These structures create
meaning related to an individual,
societal and cultural setup eventually
inspires people to take part in
activities of daily life
POST STRUCTURALISM
 The issues related to meaning in
Structuralism are solved with emergence
of Post Structuralism mainly by giving
worth to differences whereas
Structuralism focused on unified
meaning given to signifiers. Resultantly
there appeared differences of
interpretation of the same text with
different readings by the same or
different readers. The difference in
meanings occurs due to various factors
like new location, context and
surroundings.
DECONSTRUCTIONISM
 Post Structuralism is often synonymous for
Deconstruction. The term deconstruction is united
strongly to Postmodernism because it is a
confrontation to attempts to establish any ultimate
and sheltered interpretation in a text. it seeks to
de-construct the philosophical foundations of
issues of racial, gender, cultural, political,
economic, and conventional postulations that has
contaminated not only all histories but also
religious and philosophical truths when basing
itself in language examination, Deconstructionism
is founded on the principle that during evolution
of human history reality has been shaded in a
variety of kinds of supremacy related nature,
poverty, color, people, homosexuals, etc
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURALISM
AND POST STRUCTURALISM
 Structuralism considers arbitrariness
which a connection between language
and reality, as a natural system. The
entire language signification seems to be
culturally combined to convey meaning.
The long convention of language
removes the distance between signifier
and signified whereas Post Structuralism
strongly challenges the long standing
tradition of arbitrariness and shows the
weakness between signifier and
signified. Post Structuralism makes
relationship of signs and symbols more
contextual.
MARXISM AND CRITICAL THEORY
 The English literary critic and cultural theorist
Terry Eagleton defines Marxist criticism this
way:
 "Marxist criticism is not merely’sociology of
literature', they mention the working class. Its
aim is to explain the literary work more fully; and
this means a sensitive attention to its forms,
styles and meanings. But it also means
grasping those forms, styles and meanings as
the product of a particular history.
 Marxist literary theories highlight the
representation of class conflict as well as the
reinforcement of class distinctions through the
medium of literature.
PSYCHO ANALYSIS
 Lacanian psychoanalysis is an updating of the
work of Sigmund Freud, extends “Post
structuralism” to the human subject with further
consequences for literary theory. According to
Lacan, the fixed, stable self is a Romantic
fiction; like the text in “Deconstruction,” the self
is a de-centered mass of traces left by our
encounter with signs, visual symbols, language,
etc.
 Psychoanalytic theory helps the readers to
understand the motives of the literary artists
behind the creation of the characters and the
text.
FEMINISM
 Feminist gender theory emerged after the
reemergence of political feminism in the United
States and Western Europe during the 1960s.
Political feminism had as its practical
 interests with the rights of women in
contemporary societies, women’s identity, and
the representation of women in media and
culture.
 Besides the above mentioned literary
approaches other new approaches include
Structuralism, Post Structuralism, Post
Colonialism, New Historicism Critical Discourse
Analysis and many others. These theories
provide principles to the readers to attain new
dimensions and insights in a work of art.
Unit 9, ENGLISH IV CODE NO  6471
Unit 9, ENGLISH IV CODE NO  6471

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Unit 9, ENGLISH IV CODE NO 6471

  • 2. UNIT 09 MODERN TRENDS IN LITERATURE PRESENTED BY GHAZANFAR ALI SUBJECT SPECIALIST (ENGLISH) QAED ( FORMER GOVT.COLLEGE FOR ELEMENTARY TEACHERS) NAROWAL
  • 3.  The objectives of this chapter are to enable you to:  understand the features ofTraditional LiteraryTheory  develop the understanding about meaning in Structuralism and Post Structuralism  develop comprehension about the salient features of various contemporary trends in literature  acquire information about role of reader in understanding of literature  Enable students to improve language skills especially reading and writing.
  • 4.  Traditional LiteraryTheory  New Criticism  Feminism and its kinds  Marxism  Stylistics  Discourse Analysis  Critical Discourse Analysis  Racism  Post Colonialism
  • 5. TRADITIONAL LITERARY THEORY  Students were usually asked following questions:  the biographical elements in the poems of William Wordsworth  Moral appeal in the King Lear by William Shakespeare  Prove Dr. Faustus as a Renaissance play  Prove Stephen Daedalus by James Joyce an aesthetically appealing novel  Find out the autobiographical elements in the novel Mill on The Floss by George Eliot
  • 6. CRITICS VERSUS READERS  In the analysis of a literary text the role of a reader is of greater significance. Reader attains central importance in analysis of text because reader is final destination of text in this regard  READER V/S AUTHOR IN A LITERARY TEXT AND INTERTEXT  Texts besides having dialogues among various characters present within it, also assumes shape of a dialogue between it and its readers. Text can be comprehended by exploring relationship between a text and a reader.
  • 7. FORMALISM AND NEW CRITICISM  ‘Traditional Literary Criticism’ was first challenged and replaced by ‘Formalism’ which is an analytical approach that focuses on literary form and the study of literary devices within the text  The “New Criticism,” in America made formalist literary criticism more systematic and planned. The New Critics wanted accuracy in the work of literature. In addition they focused
  • 8. STRUCTURALISM  Structuralism is an approach in academia which examines kinship between basic principal elements in fields of language and literature, and disciplines where structures related to linguistic, social and cultural are molded. These structures create meaning related to an individual, societal and cultural setup eventually inspires people to take part in activities of daily life
  • 9. POST STRUCTURALISM  The issues related to meaning in Structuralism are solved with emergence of Post Structuralism mainly by giving worth to differences whereas Structuralism focused on unified meaning given to signifiers. Resultantly there appeared differences of interpretation of the same text with different readings by the same or different readers. The difference in meanings occurs due to various factors like new location, context and surroundings.
  • 10. DECONSTRUCTIONISM  Post Structuralism is often synonymous for Deconstruction. The term deconstruction is united strongly to Postmodernism because it is a confrontation to attempts to establish any ultimate and sheltered interpretation in a text. it seeks to de-construct the philosophical foundations of issues of racial, gender, cultural, political, economic, and conventional postulations that has contaminated not only all histories but also religious and philosophical truths when basing itself in language examination, Deconstructionism is founded on the principle that during evolution of human history reality has been shaded in a variety of kinds of supremacy related nature, poverty, color, people, homosexuals, etc
  • 11. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURALISM AND POST STRUCTURALISM  Structuralism considers arbitrariness which a connection between language and reality, as a natural system. The entire language signification seems to be culturally combined to convey meaning. The long convention of language removes the distance between signifier and signified whereas Post Structuralism strongly challenges the long standing tradition of arbitrariness and shows the weakness between signifier and signified. Post Structuralism makes relationship of signs and symbols more contextual.
  • 12. MARXISM AND CRITICAL THEORY  The English literary critic and cultural theorist Terry Eagleton defines Marxist criticism this way:  "Marxist criticism is not merely’sociology of literature', they mention the working class. Its aim is to explain the literary work more fully; and this means a sensitive attention to its forms, styles and meanings. But it also means grasping those forms, styles and meanings as the product of a particular history.  Marxist literary theories highlight the representation of class conflict as well as the reinforcement of class distinctions through the medium of literature.
  • 13. PSYCHO ANALYSIS  Lacanian psychoanalysis is an updating of the work of Sigmund Freud, extends “Post structuralism” to the human subject with further consequences for literary theory. According to Lacan, the fixed, stable self is a Romantic fiction; like the text in “Deconstruction,” the self is a de-centered mass of traces left by our encounter with signs, visual symbols, language, etc.  Psychoanalytic theory helps the readers to understand the motives of the literary artists behind the creation of the characters and the text.
  • 14. FEMINISM  Feminist gender theory emerged after the reemergence of political feminism in the United States and Western Europe during the 1960s. Political feminism had as its practical  interests with the rights of women in contemporary societies, women’s identity, and the representation of women in media and culture.  Besides the above mentioned literary approaches other new approaches include Structuralism, Post Structuralism, Post Colonialism, New Historicism Critical Discourse Analysis and many others. These theories provide principles to the readers to attain new dimensions and insights in a work of art.