PHYSIOLOGY OF SKIN AND COSMETICS for used in skin treatment

1. Presented by- Guided by
Yudhishthir Singh Baghel Dr.Goutam Rath
m.pharm (pharmaceutics) HOD pharmaceutics
PHYSIOLOGY OF SKIN AND COSMETICS
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2. Contents
 Physiology of skin
 Functions of skin
 Types of skin
 Definition of Cosmetics
 Classification of cosmetics
 Types of skin cares
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3. SKIN INTRODUCTION
 Skin is the shoft outer covering & is one of the largest organ of the body.
 Skin is an organ of the integumentary system.
 Made up of different tissues that are joined to perform a specific function.
 It is tough, waterproof, stretchable, and washable.
 Covers the surface area of 20-22 sq ft.
 Thickness varies from 3-3.5 mm
 It protects the vital structures inside the body from injury and from the
potentially damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun.
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4. SKIN STRUCTURE
The skin consists of an outer, protective layer (epidermis) and an inner, living
layer (dermis). The top layer of the epidermis is composed of dead cells
containing keratin, the horny protein that also makes up hair and nails.
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5. MAJOR LAYERS OF THE SKIN
• Epidermis
 This is outer most layer of skin that we can see ,touch, and feel.
 Composed of epithelial tissue.
 The Epidermis has no blood supply and composed of dead cells.
 Thickness is approximately 0.1mm
 Act as protective barrier by preventing pathogens from entering.
Layers of epidermis
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum (palms & soles)
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum germinativum(also called stratum basale)
• Dermis
 Dense connective tissue
• Subcutaneous tissue
 Hypodermis
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6. Cells of Epidermis
 Keratinocytes
 Melanocytes
 Langerhans Cells
 Merkel Cells
Keratinocytes-
It is known that 95% of the cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes,
produces a tough, fibrous protein called keratin. This protein is the main
structural protein of the epidermis, and it provides many of the skin’s
protective properties. It is found in the basal layer of of the skin.
melanocytes
melanocytes, cells found in the bottom layer of skin’s epidermis that
produce a dark pigment called melanin. This pigment is primarily
responsible for skin colour to the skin and protects it from the sun’s
ultraviolet rays (uv-B).
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7. LANGERHANS CELLS
• Langerhans cells are dendritic cells of the skin. They are present in all
layers of the epidermis and are most in the stratum spinosum.
• Produced in the bone marrow, they help cells of the immune system
recognize potentially dangerous microorganisms and chemicals.
MERKEL CELLS
in the epidermis is the Merkel cell,found in sensitive, hairless areas such as
the fingertips and lips. Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis.
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8. DERMIS
 The dermis varies in thickness, ranging from 0.6 mm on the eyelids to 3
mm on the back, palms and soles.
 It is found below the epidermis and is composed of a tough, supportive cell
matrix.
 Flexible and strong connective tissue
 Elastic reticular and collagen
 Cells: fibroblasts, microphages(WBC),mast cells(histamine)
 Nerves ,blood and lymphatic vessels
 Oil and sweat gland originate
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9. LAYERS OF DERMIS
Papillary layer
• Superfacial layer borders epidermis.
• Contains finger like extentions called dermal papillae.
• Contains nerves and blood vessels provide neutrients and oxygen
to cells of epidermis.
Reticular layer
 Deeper layer, tougher part of epidermis.
 Contains collagen and elastin to provide strength and elasticity.
 Contains blood vessels and nerves to sense pressure and pain.
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10. FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
 Mechanical/Chemical damage – keratin protects skin damage due to
mechanical or chemical.
 Bacterial damage – skin secretions are acidic and inhibit bacteria.
 Ultraviolet radiation – melanin produced to protect from UV damage
 Thermal control
– regulates body temperature
– Heat loss: sweat to cool the skin
– Heat retention: prevents blood to rush into capillary beds
 Waterproofing – contains lipids to prevent drying out
 Excretion of waste – urea and uric acid secreted in sweat
 Makes vitamin D – modifies cholesterol molecules in skin and converts it
to vitamin D
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11. Types of skins
1. Normal skin
2. Dry skin
3. Oily skin
4. Combination skin
5. Sensitive skin
1.Normal skin
 This type of skin has a fine & smooth
surface due to its ideal balance between oil
& moisture content .
 Hence it is neither greasy nor dry.
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12. DRY SKIN
 Dry skin is an uncomfortable condition
marked by scaling, itching, and cracking.
 It can occur for a variety of reasons.
You might have naturally dry skin.
But even if your skin tends to be oily,
you can develop dry skin from time to time.
Dry skin can affect any part of your body.
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13. Oily skin
 This type of skin surface is moderately
greasy, which is caused by the oversecretion
of sebum. The excess oil on the surface of
the skin causes dirt & dust From the
environment to adhere to it.
 Oily skin is usually prone to blackheads, whiteheads, spots & pimples.
 It needs to be cleansed thoroughly everyday, especially in hot or humid
weather
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14.  Combination skin
It is a combination of both oily & dry
or normal skin, where certain areas of the
face are oily & the others dry
 Sensitive skin
Sensitive skin has a tendency to react to
many potential triggers with irritation, redness,
stinging or burning, flaking, lumpiness & rashes.
 The most common causes of irritation are
Chemical dyes & soaps, some flower & spice oils,
shaving Creams, or spray tans, changes
in temperature, excessive cleansing or exfoliating,
waxing, threading , shaving & bleaching.
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15. COSMETICS
Cosmetics are substances or products used to enhance or alter the
appearance of the face or fragrance and texture of the body.
It means applied to any part of the human body, for cleaning,
beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance &
Includes any articles intended for use as a component of cosmetics.
e.g. Cosmetics Products includes, Creams, Emulsions, lotions, Gels, Oils,
for skin, hand, feet etc.
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16. Classification of cosmetics
1.Can be classified based on widely used body parts as:
 Skin cosmetics
 Hair cosmetics
 Face cosmetics
 Eye make ups
 Lip decorators & carers
 Nail cosmetics
SKIN- e.g. Creams, Powders, lotions etc
NAIL - e.g. Nail polish
TEETH- e.g. Dentifrices.
EYE- e.g. Eye creams, Eye lotion etc
HAIR- e.g. Shampoo, Hair remover, etc
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17. Contd…..
2. Cosmetics according to their function.
PROTECTIVE- e.g. Face powder.
CORRECTIVE - e.g. . Face powder.
DECORATIVE - e.g. Liptics,Nail polish.
3 Cosmetics according to their physical nature.
AEROSOLS- e.g. Hair perfumes
CAKES - e.g. Makeup compact
EMULSION- e.g. Cold & Vanishing creams.
PASTE- e.g. Tooth paste.
POWDER - e.g. Face & Tooth powder.
SOLUTION- e.g. Aftershave & hand Lotion.
OILS - e.g. hair oils.
STICKS- e.g. lipsticks
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18. TYPES OF SKIN CARE
 PRODUCTS
1. COLD/VANISH CREAM
 Face cream is made up of oils,
waxes, emulsifiers & perfumes.
 Vanish cream is made up of steatric acid,alkali, water & humectants.
 Vanish cream get its name from the fact that it seemed to disappear when
applied on face.
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19. 2.POWDERS
 It includes face powder, baby powder
& talcum powder.
 Talc or hydrated magnesium silicate is
most commonly used component in
powders.
Other ingredients Zinc oxide & Magnesium
oxide for opacity Magnesium & Zinc stearates for adherence.
3. MOISTURIZERS & SUNSCREEN
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20. GENERAL SKIN CARE
ROUTINES CLEANSING
 Cleansing is the first essential step to any daily skin care routine.
 Cleansers are generally applied to wet skin over the face & sometimes
also the neck, avoiding the eyes & lips.
 A mild cleanser should also be used at night if makeup has been worn to
remove any excess dirt or oil.
 Eg: Water-based cleansers, benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid for
acne.
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21. TONERS
 Toners are used after cleansing the skin to freshen it up and remove any
traces of cleanser, mask or makeup, as well to help restore the skin's
natural pH.
 Toners typically contain alcohol, water, and herbal extracts or other
chemicals depending on skin type. Toners containing alcohol are quite
astringent, and usually targeted at oily skins.
 Dry or normal skin should be treated with alcohol-free toners.
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22. EXFOLIANTS
 Exfoliants are products that involves the removal of the dead skin cells
to improve the skin's appearance.
 They can even out patches of rough skin, improve circulation to the
skin, clear blocked pores to discourage acne and improve the
appearance and healing of scars.
 They should be applied to wet, cleansed skin, avoiding the eye area.
 Eg-
 Chemical exfoliants may include citric acid (from citrus fruits), acetic
acid (from vinegar), malic acid (from various fruits), glycolic acid,
lactic acid or salicylic acid.
 Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions.
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23. MOISTURIZERS
 Moisturizers are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to
retain moisture. They may also contain various essential oils, herbal
extracts or chemicals.
 Moisturizer helps prevent flaking and dryness, and may help to delay the
formation of wrinkles.
 Moisturizers contain oils like isopropyl palmitate, Stearyl alcohol,
glycerine.
 The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive, and is often the
first area to show signs of ageing. Eye creams are typically very light
lotions or gels, and are usually very gentle; some may contain ingredients
such as caffeine or Vitamin K to reduce puffiness and dark circles under
the eyes. Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area
with a finger, using a patting motion.
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24. DEODORANTS
 Deodorants are substances applied to the body to affect body odor
(BO) caused by bacterial growth and the smell associated with bacterial
breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet and other areas of the body.
 A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor
 as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
 Eg:Zirconium and aluminum chlorides and hydroxides
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