The Mughals

1. ‫سلطنت‬ ‫مغلیہ‬
Mug̱ẖliyah Salṭanat (1526-1707)
BY-AMITA YADAV

2. 1.THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
2. MUGHAL EMPIRE CLASSIC PERIOD
- BABUR
- HUMAYUN
- AKBAR
- JAHANGIR
- SHAH JAHAN
- AURANGZEB
-BHADUR SHAH JAFAR II
3 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
-TAJ MAHAL
-RED FORT
-FATEHPUR SIKRI
4.RELIGION OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
5. MUGHALS CULTURE
6-CLASSES IN THE MUGHAL SOCIETY
7-WOMEN CONDITION IN THE MUGHAL PERIOD
-MARIAM-UZ-ZAMANI
-NUR JAHAN
-MUMTAZ MAHAL
8- ART AND PAINTINGS OF THE MUGHALS
9. TIMLINE
10. FALL OF TE MUGHAL EMPIRE

3. THE MUGHALS EMPIRE

4. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Arabic
Mongol, Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled
most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th
century, after which it continued to exist as a considerably
reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th
century. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two
centuries of effective rule over much of India, for the ability of
its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record
of unusual talent, and for its administrative organization. A
further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were
Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian
state.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL
EMPIRE

5. MUGHAL EMPIRE CLASSIC PERIOD
1526-1530 BABUR
1530-1556 HUMAYUN
1556-1605 AKBAR
1605-1627 JAHANGIR
1628-1658 SHAH JAHAN
1659-1707 AURANGZEB

6. BABUR
The Mughal Dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince
named Bābur (reigned 1526–30), who was descended from the Turkic
conqueror Timur on his father’s side and from Chagatai, second son of the
Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother’s side. Ousted from his
ancestral domain in Central Asia, Bābur turned to India to satisfy his
appetite for conquest. From his base in Kabul he was able to secure
control of the Punjab, and in 1526 he routed the forces of the Delhi sultan
Ibrāhīm Lodī at the First Battle of Panipat. The following year he
overwhelmed the Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga of Mewar, and in
1529 he defeated the Afghans of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. At his
death in 1530 he controlled all of northern India from the
Indus Riveron the west to Bihar on the east and from
the Himalayassouth to Gwalior.
(1526-1530)

7. Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun was the second Mughal
Emperor who ruled over territory in what is
now Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from
1531–1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he
lost his kingdom early, but regained it with Persian aid, with
additional territory. At the time of his death in 1556, the Mughal
empire spanned almost one million square kilometers.
Humayun succeeded his father in 1531, as ruler of the Mughal
territories in India. At the age of 23 Humayun was an
inexperienced ruler when he came to power. His half-
brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul and Lahore, the more
northern parts of their father's empire. Mirza was to become a
bitter rival of Humayun.
HUMAYUN
(1531-1556)

8. AKBAR
Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, known popularly as
Akbar also known as Akbar the Great.
He was the third and one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Dynasty in
India. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent,Bairam Khan, who
helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A
strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the
Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of
the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the
entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic
dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralized
system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of
conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. In order to
preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he
adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects.
Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strived to unite far-
flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised
culture, to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.
(1556-1605)

9. JAHANGIR
Nur-ud-din Mohammad Salim, known by his
imperial name Jahangir , was the fourth
Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death in
1627. Jahangir was the eldest surviving son of Mughal
Emperor Akbar and was declared successor to his father from
an early age. Impatient for power, however, he revolted in
1599 while Akbar was engaged in the Deccan. Jahangir built
on his father's foundations of excellent administration, and
his reign was characterized by political stability, a strong
economy and impressive cultural achievements.
(1605-1627)

10. SHAHJAHAN
Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan, Shah Jahan
‫شاه‬‫جہاں‬) )was the fifth Mughal Emperor of India. He
is also known as Shah Jahan . He ruled from 1628 until 1658.
Born Prince Khurram, he was the son of Emperor Jahangir and
his Hindu Rajput wife, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani . He had an
insatiable passion for building, and under his rule the Taj
Mahal and the Great Mosque of Delhi, among other
monuments, were erected. His reign marked the cultural zenith
of Mughal rule, but his military expeditions brought the empire
to the brink of bankruptcy. Shah Jahan was a more
orthodox Muslim than his father and grandfather. His policies
towards non-Muslims were less liberal than Jahangir and Akbar.
(1628-1658)

11. Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-DinMohammad Aurangzeb
commonly known as Aurangzeb Alamgir and by his
imperial title Alamgir was the sixth Mughal Emperor
and ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. His
reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb annexed the Muslim Deccan kingdoms of Bijapur
and Golconda and thereby brought the empire to its greatest extent,
but his political and religious intolerance laid the seeds of its decline.
He excluded Hindus from public office and destroyed their schools
and temples, while his persecution of the Sikhs of the Punjab turned
that sect against Muslim rule and roused rebellions among
the Rajputs, Sikhs, and Marathas. The heavy taxes he levied steadily
impoverished the farming population, and a steady decay in the
quality of Mughal government was thus matched by a corresponding
economic decline. When Aurangzeb died in 1707, he had failed to
crush the Marathas of the Deccan, and his authority was disputed
throughout his dominions.
AURANGZEB
(1658-1707)

12. BAHADUR SHAH II
Mirza Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad
Bahadur Shah Zafar ‫ظفر‬ُ‫سراج‬‫الدین‬‫محمد‬‫بہادر‬‫شاه‬
‫ظفر‬ , also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar was the
last Mughal emperor and a member of
the Timurid dynasty. He was the son of Akbar II
and Lal Bai, a Hindu Rajput. He became the
Mughal emperor when his father died on 28
September 1837. He used Zafar, a part of his
name, meaning “victory”, for his nom de
plume (takhallus) as an Urdu poet, and he wrote
many Urdu ghazals under it. Following his
involvement in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the
British tried and then exiled him from Delhi and
sent him to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma.
(1837-1857)

13. MUGHAL
ARCHITECTURE

14. • All the early Mughal Rulers except Aurangzeb were great bui1ders. With the
coming of the Mughals, Indian architecture was greatly influenced by
Persian styles. The Mughals constructed excellent mausoleums, mosques,
forts, gardens and cities. The Mughal buildings show a uniform pattern both
in structure and character.
• The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the bulbous
domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls,
massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation.
• The few mosques and palaces built by Babar and Humayun are not of much
architectural significance
• Sher Shah of the Sur Dynasty who ruled over the Kingdom of the Mughals
after driving Humayun out of the country was not only a great administrator
but a lover of art also. He built several forts, tombs and mosques. The
monuments of Sher Shah are a continuation of the Lodi style. The
mausoleums are octagonal in plan and have verandahs around them,
surmounted by huge domes. The verandahs have three smaller domes on
each side.
All the early Mughal Rulers except Aurangzeb were great bui1ders. With
the coming of the Mughals, Indian architecture was greatly influenced by
Persian styles. The Mughals constructed excellent mausoleums, mosques,
forts, gardens and cities. The Mughal buildings show a uniform pattern
both in structure and character.
The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the bulbous
domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls,
massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation.
The few mosques and palaces built by Babar and Humayun are not of much
architectural significance
Sher Shah of the Sur Dynasty who ruled over the Kingdom of the Mughals
after driving Humayun out of the country was not only a great
administrator but a lover of art also. He built several forts, tombs and
mosques. The monuments of Sher Shah are a continuation of the Lodi
style. The mausoleums are octagonal in plan and have verandahs around
them, surmounted by huge domes. The verandahs have three smaller
domes on each side.

15. TAJ MAHAL
The Taj Mahal in Agra, a dream in white marble was
built by Shah Jehan as a memorial to his beloved wife
Mumtaz Begum. Built on the banks of the river
Jumna, it was started in 1632 A.D. and took 22 years
to complete. Marble from Makrana and precious
stones from different parts of the world were used in
its construction. Planned by Isa, a Persian architect it
is a masterpiece of architecture. The Taj is situated in
the centre of a high marble terrace. A marble minaret
of four storeys stands on each of the four corners of
the terrace. The minarets are crowned with
domes. The main structure is a square. A huge,
vaulted recess with smaller arched recesses in two
storeys on either side make up the facade of the
building on all sides. An octagonal hall with an
exquisite perforated marble screen contains the
cenotaphs of Mumtaz and Shah Jehan.
RED FORT
Soon after laying the foundation or his new Capital
city of Shahjehanabad Shah Jahan started
construction of the red sandstone Red Fort or Lal
Quila in 1638 A.D. on the banks of the river Jumuna.
The fort took nearly nine years to complete. Within
the walled city, the fortress is in the shape of a
rectangle 900 metres by 550 metres. The rampart
walls are about 34 metres high. A moat surrounds
the rampart. Two of the five gateways of the fort are
three storeyed structures flanked by octagonal
towers. These are the Lahori Gate and the Delhi
Gate. Figures of two huge elephants flank the Delhi
Gate. The main entrance to the fort is through the
Lahori Gate. A covered passage with shops on either
side leads to the palaces inside the fort. Barracks for
soldiers, audience halls, horse and elephant stables,
and ornamental gardens are other features of the
fort.

16. FATEHPUR SIKRI
Fatehpur Sikri is a city and a municipal board in Agra district in
the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city was founded in 1569 by
the Mughal emperor Akbar, and served as the capital of the Mughal
Empire from 1571 to 1585.After his military victories
over Chittor and Ranthambore, Akbar decided to shift his capital
from Agra to a new location 23 miles (37 km) W.S.W on the Sikri ridge, to
honor the Sufi saint Salim Chishti. Here he commenced the construction
of a planned walled city which took the next fifteen years in planning and
construction of a series of royal palaces, harem, courts, a mosque, private
quarters and other utility buildings. He named the city, Fatehabad,
with Fateh, a word of Arabic origin in Persian, meaning "victorious." it
was later called Fatehpur Sikri. It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of
Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born.
Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best preserved collections of Indian Mughal
architecture in India.

17. AKBAR'S TOMB, SIKANDRA
BULAND DARWAZA,
FATEHOUR SIKRI, AGRA
DIWANI KHAS
HUMAYUN'S TOMB
TOMB OF SHEIKH SALIM CHISTI, FATEHPUR SIKRI
JAMI MASJID,
FATEHPUR SIKRI
PANCH MAHAL,
FATEHPUR SIKRI

18. Abu'l-Fazl one of the
disciples of Din-i-Ilahi
presenting Akbarnama to
Akbar, Mughal miniature
The Mughal ruling class was Muslims, although most of the subjects
of the Empire were Hindu.
Although Babur founded the Empire, the dynasty remained unstable
until the reign of Akbar.
He abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindus and even included
non-Muslims in his group of advisors
Then, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith, a mixture of his own ideas
and those from the debates.
The Dīn-i Ilāhī (Persian: ‫دین‬‫الهی‬ lit. "Religion of God") was
a syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar the
Great in 1582 AD, intending to merge the best elements of the
religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that
divided his subjects.The elements were primarily drawn from Islam
and Hinduism, but some others were also taken
from Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.
Din-i-Ilahi prohibits lust, sensuality, slander and pride, considering
them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and kindness are the core
virtues. The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of
God.Celibacy is respected and the slaughter of animals is forbidden.
There are neither sacred scriptures nor a priestly hierarchy in this
religion. He increased the marriage minimum age for boys to 16 and
girls to 14.

19. The Mughal Empire was the most powerful Islamic empire in the history of India,
and it has lived for centuries in the Western imagination as a wonderland of
unimaginable treasures, symbolized most clearly by the breathtaking beauty of the
Taj Mahal. This richly illustrated cultural history dispels the air of exoticism and
mystery with which Westerners have often viewed the Mughals, but in doing so The
Empire of the Great Mughals reveals that the cultural and artistic achievements of
the Mughal Empire are no less astonishing when viewed in the cold light of historical
fact. The Empire of the Great Mughals explores all aspects of the culture of this
mighty civilization. Annemarie Schimmel paints a detailed picture of life at court,
particularly for women, and the fine gradations of rank and status in the strictly
hierarchical Mughal society. She details the interplay of the various religions,
languages, and literatures of the era and the role played by imperial patronage in the
creation of Mughal artwork, especially the creation of the Taj Mahal, built as a
mausoleum for the wife of the emperor Shah Jahan. Throughout, Schimmel shows
how a clear aesthetic sensibility permeated every aspect of Mughal court culture
through which the Mughals attempted to bring all facets of life into harmony.

21. •Society in Mughal times was organized on a feudal basis and the head of the social
system was Emperor.
•He enjoyed an unparallel status. He was the ultimate authority in everything.
•Next in rank were the nobility along the zamindars.
•The Mughal nobles monopolized most of the jobs in the country.
•Socially and economically the Mughal nobility formed a privileged class. There were
men of every type and nationality among the Mughal nobles.
•Clan or family links were the most important considerations for recruitment and
admission to the aristocratic class of the society.
•Zamindars or the chieftains also constituted the nobility. They had their own armed
forces and generally lived in forts or garhis which was both a place of refuge and a
status symbol.
•There was a large class of merchants and traders. They had their own rights based
on tradition and protection of life and property. They also maintained a high
standard of living.
CLASSES IN THE MUGHAL SOCIETY

22. WOMEN CONDITION IN MUGHAL PERIOD
•Mughal rule also brought about better treatment of women.
They had always played an important role in Mughal
society.
•Those women sometimes worked and received salaries, and
were also allowed to own land. Some women even fought in
wars, right beside the men.
•Women of course were not treated equally, but the
Mughals brought the Indian society closer to the equality of
men and women than they had ever been before.
•However, the Mughals imposed several Islamic laws that
restricted women, such as isolating women (purdah).
•Also, many of the Hindu laws remained intact, so women
were clearly not treated equal to men.

23. Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum, also known as Heer
Kunwari, Hira Kunwari or Harka Bai, (October 1 1542 – May
19, 1623) was an Empress of the Mughal Empire. She was
the first and chief Rajput wife of Emperor Akbar, and the
mother of the next Mughal Emperor, Jahangir. She was also
the grandmother of the following Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan.
Mariam-Uz-Zamani was referred to as the Queen Mother
of Hindustan, during the reign of the Great Mughal,
Emperor Akbar. She was the longest serving Hindu Mughal
Empress. Her tenure, from 6 February 1562 to 27 October
1605, is that of over 43 years.
Her marriage to Akbar led to a gradual shift in his religious
and social policy. Akbar's marriage with Rajkumari Heer
Kunwari was a very important event in Mughal history. She
is widely regarded in modern Indian historiography as
exemplifying Akbar's and the Mughal's tolerance of religious
differences and their inclusive policies within an expanding
multi-ethnic and multi-denominational empire.

24. NUR JAHAN
Nur Jahan born as Mehr-un-Nissa, was Empress of
The Mughal Empire as the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir. A strong,
charismatic and well-educated woman, she is considered to be one of the
most powerful and influential women of the 17th century Mughal Empire.
She was the twentieth and favourite wife of the Emperor Jahangir who ruled
the Mughal Empire at the peak of its power and supremacy. The story of the
couple’s infatuation for each other and the relationship that developed
between them has been inspiration to many (often apocryphal) legends
MUMTAZ MAHAL
(‫محل‬ ‫)ممتاز‬
Mumtaz Mahal (1 September 1593 – 17 June 1631) was a Mughal
Empress and chief consort of emperor Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal in
Agra was constructed by her husband as her final resting place.
‫جهاں‬ ‫نور‬

25. ART & PAINTINGS OF THE
MUGHALS
•Akbar brought his love of the arts with him to India.
•His style was a mixture of Persian and Indian motifs.
•He also had his artists mimic the European style art
work, focusing on perspective and life-like recreation.
• Also, the Islamic influence of not including humans
in pictures lead to the floral motifs that are seen today in
carpets, lamps and textiles.

26. The very mention of Mughal Paintings evokes stylized
images of richly draped figures involved in various court
activities.
Though there is very little regard to realism, these
paintings capture ones imagination because of their
unique style and choice of themes. The popular perception of
Mughal paintings is not altogether an unfounded one,
these paintings hardly follow the dictum of realism in
style but their themes are as true to their period as possible.
In fact they can be seen as the most substantial specimens
of their times. A blend of the Indian and the Persian style,
these paintings depicted various themes.
From scenes of a Mughal court to lovers in intimate
positions, the themes were both informative and provocative.

28. c. 1530 Manuscripts of Babur’s memoirs in Turkish-
saved from a storm-become part of the family
collection of the Timurids
c.1587 Gulbadan Begum begin to write the HUMAYUN
NAMA
1589 Babur’s memoirs translated into persian as
BABUR NAMA
1589-1602 Abu’l Fazl works on the AKBAR NAMA
1605-22 Jahangir writes hid memiors,the JAHANGIR
NAMA
1639-47 Lahori composes the first Daftars of the
BADSHAH NAMA
c.1650 Muhammad waris begin to chronicle the third
decades of Shah Jahan’s reign
1668 Alamgir Nama a history of the first ten year of
Aurangzeb’s reign compiled by Muhammad

29. GEETA IN POETIC FORM JHANGIR NAMA BABUR NAMA

30. The period of the Great Mughals, which began in
1526 with Babur’s accession to the throne, ended
with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Aurangzeb’s
death marked the end of an era in Indian history.
When Aurangzeb died, the empire of the Mughals
was the largest in India. Yet, within about fifty
years of his death, the Mughal Empire
disintegrated.
Aurangzeb’s death was followed by a war of
succession among his three sons. It ended in the
victory of the eldest brother, Prince Muazzam. The
sixty five-year-old prince ascended the throne
under the name of BahadurShah.

31. BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERT text book
Google Search
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_the_Mogh
ul
http://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Mugha
l_Empire.html?id=HHyVh29gy4QC
www.mughalgardens.org
Book Name
The Mughal empire by Alex Rutherford
The Empire of the Great Mughals:History,Art,and
Culture