“On a hard jungle journey nothing is so important as having a team you can trust.”

1. TEAM EFFECTIVENESS
“There is no ‘I’ in TEAM! And this is the secret of a team SUCCESS !”
www.humanikaconsulting.com

3. Table of contents
What is Team Effectiveness?
Team Effectiveness using the scaled comparison.
Aspects of excellent team.
Maxims of team management
Boehm’s Principles
What does Team Effectiveness measure?
Structural Elements
Positive Interdependent Behaviors
Four strategies to improve Team Effectiveness
Clarify your team mission
Set team goals!
Create a plan
Conduct progress reviews.
 Team effectiveness model

4. Background
•Defining “Team”
–Teams generally consist of two or more people who
•Are interdependent
•Exist for a purpose/task
•Are mutually accountable to achieve that purpose/task
•Perceive themselves as a social entity
–Groups versus Teams?

5. 15-5
Groups, Teams and Organizational Effectiveness
•Group
–Two or more people who interact with each other to accomplish certain goals or meet certain needs.

6. Background
•As noted previously (e.g., tutorials), ability to work in teams is essential in most modern organisations
–Why?
–Advantages of teams?
–Disadvantages of teams?

7. Types of Teams
•Departmental Teams
•Production/Service/ Leadersip teams
•Self-directed or autonomous teams
•Advisory teams
•Task force or project teams
•Skunkworks (team who research & develop projects
•Virtual teams
•Communities of practice (share their knowledge & info)

8. WHAT IS TEAM EFFECTIVENESS?
Team effectiveness refers to the system of getting people in a company or institution to work together effectively.

9. 9
Characteristics of an Effective Team
Effective teams operate in an environment in which there is two way trust in an environment of open and honest communication

10. 10
The Team Model

11. - 11 -
Teamwork Represents Values that:
•Encourage listening and responding constructively to the views expressed by others
•Give others the benefit of the doubt
•Provide support
•Recognize the interests and achievements of others
John R. Katzenbach and Douglas K. Smith, “The Discipline of Teams”, Harvard Business Review, March-April, 1993, pp. 111-120

12. - 12 -
Characteristics of Losing Teams
•Dominated by one individual
•Compromise between two competing business strategies
•Engage in groupthink
•Not all team members contribute

13. - 13 -
Winning Teams
•Trust
•Clear time frame and agreed upon goals
•Get facts and do analyses before making decisions
•Divide responsibilities
•All team members contribute
•Challenge and play devil’s advocate

14. Team Effectiveness: Potential for Process Gains
•Potential advantages of using teams
–As a whole, team has more knowledge, ability, effort than any single team member
–Diversity of views, knowledge, experience can lead to innovation, fewer errors
–Potential for constructive conflict – task conflict focused on issue and not personalised
–Can increase individual motivation and engagement

15. Team Effectiveness: Potential for Process Losses
•Potential disadvantages of using teams
–Individuals better/faster at some tasks
–Development and maintenance costs
–Potential for destructive conflict – personalised or relationship conflict
–Teams often don’t utilise all available knowledge
•Drive to defend
•Time constraints
•Evaluation apprehension
•Pressure to conform

16. Team Effectiveness: Potential for Process Losses
•Social loafing can occur where people exert less effort when working in a team/group
•Tips to reduce social loafing
–Keep group size small
–Increase identifiability and accountability
–Specialise tasks to make individual efforts indispensible
–Set clear, challenging goals
–Increase involvement and engagement
–Increase identification with the group

17. TEAM EFFECTIVENESS USING THE SCALED COMPARISON
Team Effectiveness is a proven and practical diagnostic tool for assessing team effectiveness and improving work group performance.
Team Effectiveness gives the team a very precise and reliable consensus as to what team members see going well and what needs improvement.
Cont..

18. •Team Effectiveness helps team members to very quickly pinpoint the gap between where they are and where they need to be.
•With Team Effectiveness, all team members participate in team improvement through a sharing of their views about team performance and needed improvement.
•Unlike other diagnostic tools, Team Effectiveness works with teams as small as 5 to 7 members.
TEAM EFFECTIVENESS USING THE SCALED COMPARISON

19. ASPECTS OF EXCELLENT TEAM
Balance and Coverage are two of the most important aspects of excellent teams:-
•Whenever team is out of balance, it is vulnerable.
•Great teams need coverage across key positions with strong individual players.

20. BOEHM’S PRINCIPLES
•The principle of top talent : Use better and fewer people
•The principle of job matching : Fit the tasks to the skills and motivation of the people available.
•The principle of career progression : An organization does best in the long run by helping its people to self- actualize.
Cont..

21. •The principle of team balance : Select people who will complement and harmonize with one another.
•The principle of phase out : Keeping a misfit on the team doesn’t benefit anyone.
BOEHM’S PRINCIPLES

22. FACTORS AFFECTING TEAM EFFECTIVENESS
•The right mix of skills:- Bringing together the people having different skills that complement each other.
•The right motivation:- Team effectiveness is directly related to the interest that team is having on the project.
•The ability to solve conflicts without compromising the quality of the project.

23. WHAT DOES TEAM EFFECTIVENESS MEASURE?
Team Effectiveness assesses all of the major components of effective work groups, employing multiple statements for each of a number of basic elements. Some of the elements are :-
•Structural Elements
•Positive Interdependent Behaviors

24. •Structural Elements
–Shared Team Vision
–Clear Team Goals
–Clear Team Roles
–Effective Leadership Behavior
WHAT DOES TEAM EFFECTIVENESS MEASURE?
•Positive Interdependent Behaviors
–Effective Decision Making
–Encouragement of Innovation
–Effective Conflict Management
–Natural Collaboration
–Effective Meeting Management

25. Team Processes
•What happens when our team members get to work?
•One major issue is Group/Team Development
–How do teams develop and change over time?

26. Team Processes: Development
•Tuckman’s Model of Group Development (1965)
Performing
Adjourning
Norming
Storming
Forming
Return to Independence
Dependence/ interdependence
Independence
Is this a good model for the teams you’ve experienced? Does it fit all teams?

27. Team Process Development

29. Team Processes: Development
•Other models suggest that groups don’t go through stages at all but complex cycles
•Punctuated Equilibrium (Gersick)
–Long periods of little or no development
–Important times (e.g., looming deadlines, halfway point) spur activity and change

30. •Regardless of model, central processes occur during team development
•Team membership formation
–Development of cohesion and bonding to group
–Start to think of team as part of social identity
•Team competence
–Form routines, roles, norms, that improve effectiveness
–Form shared mental models about resources, goals, etc.
Team Processes: Development

31. Team Processes: Cohesion
•Cohesion – attraction to group or task and desire to remain a member
–Results from both cognitive and emotional processes
•Cohesion increases when
–Members are similar
–Teams are smaller
–Members interact frequently
–Somewhat difficult to enter the team
–Team success
–External competition

32. Team Processes: Cohesion
•Cohesion is generally beneficial
–More motivation
–More willing to share information
–Can resolve conflict effectively
–Better interpersonal relationships within team
–Better performance (if team norms aligned with organisation norms)
•Cohesion can be harmful when
–Team members stop doing above to ‘protect’ group
–Team norms inconsistent with organisation norms

33. Team Processes: Trust
•Trust refers to positive expectations of another person in situations involving risk
•Three levels of trust
–Calculus-based trust
–Knowledge-based trust
–Identification-based trust
•Based on emotional bond and mutual understanding
•Likely to be present in highly effective teams

34. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE TEAM EFFECTIVENESS
The task of building better teams and improving their effectiveness can be broken down into four simple and straightforward steps:
1) Clarify Your Team Mission
2) Set Team Goals!
3) Create A Plan
4) Conduct Progress Reviews.

36. CLARIFY YOUR TEAM MISSION
Make sure that your mission is the team's reason for being - its purpose!
For example:-
•If your team is responsible for new products, your mission might be to create innovative products and services that make the client's life easier and more enjoyable -- Or products and service that save the client money, Etc.

37. •Every team should have definite objectives or goals.
•There are some guidelines for setting up the team goals.
SET TEAM

39. SETTING UP TEAM GOALS
1)The goals should support the team's mission or purpose.
2)Goals should be measurable. For example, instead of saying, we want to increase sales this month; a specific goal should be set. A measurable goal might be, this month we will increase sales by fifteen percent over last month's sales totals.
3)Goals should have a date.

43. CREATE A PLAN
A team plan is simply a written blueprint for the team's success.
•spell's out the team's mission,
•outlines the teams goals, and
•It lays out a strategy for fulfilling the team mission and reaching the goals.
•It states the responsibilities of each person on the team, what they do, and how they do it.
•It should outline what each person does, and how he or she is accountable.

44. CONDUCT PROGRESS REVIEWS
These are simply meetings where the team members come together to discuss the team's results and future plans.

45. ITEMS TO BE COVERED IN TEAM PROGRESS REVIEW
•Check to make sure the team is effectively accomplishing its mission.
•Review the team's goals and make necessary adjustments. This is a great time to keep the team goals out in front of everyone.
•Set a date for the next Progress Review.

46. • Review the team plan and determine if any updates or changes need to be made to make the team more effective. Talk about the things that are working well, and discuss what areas need to be improved.
•Clarify responsibilities for each team member and the actions they need to take next.
ITEMS TO BE COVERED IN TEAM PROGRESS REVIEW

47. TEAM EFFECTIVENESS MODEL
Teams can continuously improve their effectiveness by focusing on improving their
functioning in five key areas: Goals, Roles, Procedures, Relationships and Leadership

48. 5 key areas for Team Improvement
•Goals: What the team aspires to achieve
•Roles: The part each member plays in achieving the team goals
•Procedures: The methods that help the team conduct its work together
•Relationships: How the team members ‘get along” with each other
•Leadership: How the leader supports the team in achieving results.

49. •CLEAR
•PROCEDURES
•FOR:
•Solving Problems
•and Making
•Decisions
•Communicating
•Managing Conflict
•Completing Tasks
•Planning
•Meetings
•Managing Change
•Evaluating
•Performance
CLEAR PROCEDURES FOR: Solving Problems and Making Decisions Communicating Managing Conflict Completing Tasks Planning Meetings Managing Change Evaluating Performance
CLEAR GOALS
Vision
Mission
Values
Plans
CLEAR ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
Organization Structure
Job Description
Accountabilities
Resources
Tools and Equipment
Qualifications
CLEAR PROCEDURES FOR Solving Problems and Making Decisions Communicating Managing Conflict Completing Tasks Planning Meetings Managing Change Evaluating Performance
POSITIVE
RELATIONSHIPS
Mutual respect and trust
Support
Inclusion
Involvement
Value diversity
Listening
Feedback
Okay with disagreement
STRONG LEADERSHIP
Personal Credibility
Clear Expectations
Clear Communication
Engagement and Involvement
Develop People and Team
All members responsible and accountable
Manage Change
Recognition

50. What can you do as a leader ?

51. 51
Leaders should have two main concerns: people and production
•High concern for people motivates the team and they become more productive,
•High concern for production creates sense of achievement and satisfaction
“Strong, decisive and knowledgeable or quiet, supportive, and cooperative”

52. What’s your style ?

53. The Commander
Commanders make and influence most decisions. The downside of this leadership style is that the leader can demotivate and annoy people. Often decisions are not optimal - they don’t consider all available information, options and perspectives. This style is effective in short-term, in long- term it could be dangerous for people and projects.

54. The Coach
Coaches tend to be concerned with growing people, creating and enabling a trusting environment. This leader makes decisions collectively with a team while explaining rationale behind decisions. They listen and provides feedback.
Coaches encourages personal growth and looks to build long- term capabilities in an effort to prepare the team and individuals for independent work.
The coach is needed when team lacks focus, expertise and understanding what should be done and how.

55. The Supporter
They tend to make joint decisions with the team as equals, delegating majority of decisions to the team.
In addition, the Coach is concerned with the creation of harmony and balance between team members.
Supporters are needed to help teams.
They help remove barriers and coordinate activities.
The Supporter is an ego-less, quiet leader and facilitator

56. The Self Organizing Team
A motivated and confident Team doesn’t need formal leaders. The team makes most decisions. Any member could step in and become leader in specific areas and situations. People on these teams tend to be highly capable, committed and self-driven.
Teams will transcend through previous steps and become truly self-organized after experiencing victories and failures, growing and gaining experience together.

57. Which style of leader do you need to be?