The document outlines the 5 A's approach to obesity management, which includes asking permission to discuss weight, assessing risks, advising on risks and options, agreeing on goals and expectations, and assisting by addressing barriers and referring to other providers. It provides guidance on setting SMART behavioral goals focused on sustainable lifestyle changes rather than weight targets alone. The document also discusses following up to support patients in achieving their goals as obesity requires long-term management.
Jual Obat Aborsi Di Dubai UAE Wa 0838-4800-7379 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Session 11: Agree and Assist: pulling the consultation together
1. Agree and Assist: pulling the
consultation together
Session 11
Acknowledgements
Obesity Canada
2. 5 As of Obesity Management
• Ask for permission to discuss weight.
• Assess obesity-related risk and potential “root causes” of weight gain.
• Advise on obesity risks, discuss benefits and options.
• Agree on realistic weight management expectations and on a SMART
plan to achieve behavioural goals.
• Assist in addressing drivers and barriers, offer education and resources,
refer to provider, and arrange follow-up.
Obesity Canada,
5 As of Obesity
Management
3.
4. Overview – aims
• Reviewing goals (SMART)
• Choosing appropriate measures of
success
• Making change timely and continuous
• Reviewing progress
5. Agree
• Agree on behaviour change outcomes
• Agree on sustainable behavioural goals
and health outcomes
• Agree on a management plan
Source: Obesity Canada, 5 As of Obesity Management
6. Agree on a treatment plan (adults)
• Treatment plans should be realistic and sustainable.
• Obesity treatment should begin by addressing the drivers of
weight gain (e.g. stress, lack of time, depression, sleep
apnoea, chronic pain).
• The success of treatment should be measured in
improvements in health and well-being (e.g. improved blood
pressure, increased fitness, increased energy, increased
mobility).
7. Agree on sustainable behavioural goals and health outcomes
(adults, paediatrics, pregnancy)
• Focus on sustainable behavioural changes, rather than on specific weight
targets.
• Behavioural goals should be SMART:
o Specific
o Measurable
o Achievable
o Relevant
o Timely
• Flexible self-monitoring with a lifestyle journal can help initiate and sustain
behavioural change.
8. Agree on behaviour change outcomes (children)
• Unrealistic weight loss expectations can lead
to disappointment and non-adherence.
• For some children, prevention or slowing of
weight gain may be the best goal.
9. Agree on sustainable behavioural goals (pregnancy)
• Focus on sustainable behavioural changes, rather than on
specific weight targets.
• Unrealistic goals can lead to disappointment and may
encourage unhealthy habits and non-adherence.
• Even for a woman who has exceeded weight gain
recommendations, meeting the recommended rates of
weekly gain may be the best goal.
• Behavioural goals may be different for each woman.
10. Agree on a management plan (children)
• Management plans should be realistic and sustainable.
o Be mindful of the need to set goals with both adolescent and
parent, as their goals may differ.
• Management plans should begin by addressing the drivers of
weight gain (e.g. anxiety, sleep apnoea, fatty liver, family
stressors).
• The success of treatment should be measured in improvements
in health and well-being (e.g. self-esteem, body image, sleep,
fitness, blood sugars).
11. What are the real benefits of lifestyle change?
• The benefits of lifestyle change go further than BMI change – avoid using
BMI as the sole or main outcome.
• Be clear about the likely outcomes a patient may expect from any lifestyle
change.
o Exercise improves fitness, balance, self-esteem, diabetic control, etc.
– but it does not lead to weight loss unless combined with calorie
restriction.
o Eating more fruit or vegetables will improve dietary quality – but does
not lead to weight loss unless combined with calorie restriction.
o Valuable discussions often relate to perspective on health risks –
e.g. is it better to lose weight or stop smoking?
12. Barriers
• Patients may face barriers that affect self-efficacy,
confidence, emotions, thinking, and mental and physical
health.
• Consider what has an impact on a patient’s ability to
move forward.
• Barriers can come up in different phases of the weight
management process.
• These barriers need to be addressed differently with
each patient.
13. Reflect on different types of goal –
the patient’s and your own
Patient goals
• Active goals achieved from
conscious behaviour change
• Short-term changes with visible
outcomes that help to stimulate
further motivation
• Treatment goals to move from a
position of being unhealthy
towards being healthy
“This makes me feel better.”
Health professional goals
• Passive goals arising from altering
“default” behaviours, e.g.
environmental change making a
healthy choice the easiest choice
• Long-term changes that improve
long-term health risks
• Prevention goals that maintain
existing health status and avoid
predictable decline
“This reduces risk of disease in a
population.”
14. Contingency plans
• What could happen?
• What will we do in response?
• What can we do in advance to prepare?
• How can we be proactive and prepared?
15. Example: physical activity contingency plans
Goal: I will walk 10 minutes on my lunch break 3 days a week.
I will keep my walking shoes under my desk.
If the weather is poor, then I will walk in the long hallway
on the fifth floor for 10 minutes.
I will ask my coworkers to join me.
16. Discussion
Goal-setting
• Take a few minutes of quiet time to come up with your
own goal concerning a change you feel you can
implement in your practice with regard to establishing
and asking critical questions.
• Can you anticipate difficulties with achieving this goal?
17. Assist
In addressing drivers and barriers:
• offer education and resources
• refer to providers
• arrange follow-up.
18. Assist patients in identifying and addressing drivers
and barriers
• Drivers and barriers may include environmental,
socioeconomic, emotional and medical factors.
• Obesogenic medications (e.g. atypical antipsychotics,
antidiabetics, anticonvulsants, etc.) may make obesity
management difficult.
• Physical barriers that limit access (transportation, turnstiles,
limited seating, etc.) in institutional settings, workplaces and
recreational facilities may deter people from active
participation in everyday life.
19. Assist: provide education and resources
• Family education is central to management.
• Help adults, women and children, and their families, to
identify credible weight management information and
resources.
20. Assist: refer to appropriate provider
• Evidence supports the need for an interdisciplinary team
approach.
• Choice of an appropriate provider (e.g. physician, nurse,
dietitian, psychologist, social worker, exercise physiologist,
physical/occupational therapist, surgeon, etc.) should reflect
identified drivers and complications of obesity, as well as
barriers to weight management.
21. Assist: arrange follow-up
• Given the chronic nature of obesity, long-term follow-up is
essential.
• Success is directly related to frequency of provider contact.
• Weight cycling and weight gain should not be framed as “failure”
– rather, they are natural and expected consequences of dealing
with this chronic condition.
22. Assist: arrange follow-up (pregnancy)
• Follow-up is essential given the prevalence of excessive
weight gain in pregnancy and the subsequent high probability
of postpartum weight retention, which can lead to immediate
and downstream complications.
• The child-bearing years are a natural period of weight cycling
(for those who have experienced more than one pregnancy)
and returning to a healthy weight should be encouraged.
23. Follow-up and support
Behaviour change is an ongoing, fluid process.
• Be proactive
• Goal flexibility
Coping processes can be used for successful change.
• Helping relationships, environmental control,
interpersonal systems control
24. Resources (1)
• Obesity Canada (https://obesitycanada.ca)
• Lau et al. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the
management and prevention of obesity in adults and
children. CMAJ. 2007;176(8):1103–6
• Freedhoff Y, Sharma AM. Best weight: a practical guide to
office-based obesity management. Edmonton, AB: Obesity
Canada; 2013
• Freemark MS (editor). Pediatric obesity: etiology,
pathogenesis and treatment. 2nd edition. New York: Humana
Press; 2018
• Laliberte M, McCabe RE, Taylor V. The cognitive behavioral
workbook for weight management. Oakland: New Harbinger
Publications; 2009
25. Resources (2)
• Rollnick S, Miller WR, Butler CC. Motivational interviewing in health
care: helping patients change behaviour. New York: Guilford Press;
2008
• Vos MB. No-diet obesity solution for kids. Bethesda, MD: AGA
Institute Press; 2010
• Albers S. Eating mindfully: how to end mindless eating and enjoy a
balanced relationship with food. 2nd edition. Oakland: New
Harbinger Publications; 2012
• Glennon W. 200 ways to raise a girl’s self-esteem: for parents and
teachers. Conari Press; 1999
• Faber A, Mazlish E. How to talk so teens will listen and listen so
teens will talk. London: Piccadilly Press; 2006
Editor's Notes
Speaker notes
In this session we will provide an overview of obesity as a chronic disease and outline causes and consequences.
Speaker notes
The best measures of any lifestyle change are realistic outcomes that arise directly from the behaviour, rather than secondary or tertiary outcomes that depend on a variety of factors.
Thus, we know that increasing activity may generate improved muscle strength – but how can we tell? Direct outcomes may include greater ease of walking upstairs, improved balance, greater confidence and lower risk of falls, or improved ability to run for a bus or to catch a ball.
We might wish for other benefits too, but are they guaranteed? Indirect health benefits that we often hope for include things such as lower cholesterol levels, improved blood pressure and lower BMI. However, these are all multifactorial and not uniquely influenced by physical activity (PA), hence they are not such useful measures of PA benefits.
Ask the group for some examples of direct benefits arising from (for example):
reducing TV viewing
losing weight
cutting down on alcohol.
Which generates more health gain – stopping smoking or losing weight? Answer: stopping smoking. It is estimated that about half of all lifelong smokers will die prematurely, losing on average about 10 years of life. Smoking (according to UK data) kills more people each year than the following preventable causes of death combined: obesity, alcohol, road traffic accidents, illegal drugs and HIV infection (1).
(1) Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) Fact Sheets (http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_107.pdf).
Speaker notes
We will always encounter barriers – we know that life happens and patients’ circumstances change.
There is no one way to have conversations with patients.
Have you heard:
“I know what I am supposed to do, but I just can’t get it done.”
“I just have no energy to do exercise – or anything else.”
“I used to walk at lunchtime every day, but now I just can’t get back on track.”
“I make good plans but never follow through.”
“I should just give up.”
13
Speaker notes
Help patients develop contingency plans. You can have a plan A, but if that doesn’t work, you can always find another way. Having contingency plans right at the beginning of the weight management process is really helpful in enabling patients to get back on track.
A patient may want to try a strategy for a few weeks, and if that doesn’t work, they can try something else. This will reinforce the idea that changing behaviour is a process of trial and error.
Speaker notes
Here are three strategies that a person may want to try. The last strategy is relevant if you need social support.
Discuss what barriers could come up for your patient in the next three months. For example, they may be doing a lot of business travel. What would be the plan for that? Or the family is preparing for a vacation? Or they are going back to school?