This document provides an overview of an introductory database course, including information about the instructors, schedule, topics to be covered, expectations for student conduct, and how to succeed in the course. The topics that will be covered include database fundamentals, the database development process, conceptual and logical data modeling, physical database design, implementation with SQL, and an advanced topic. Students are expected to attend lectures and labs, be punctual, not distract others, and are advised to attend lectures, read the textbook, review materials, and ask questions.
1. ISOM3260
Database Design & Administration
Dr. Muller Cheung (L1/L2)
Dr. James Thong (L3)
Office hour: By appointment
Email: mcheung@ust.hk; jthong@ust.hk
Spring 2014
2. 2
Todayโs Agenda
โข Introduction to course
โ ISOM3260 website: http://teaching.ust.hk/~isom3260
โ Midterms and Final exam
โ Group project
โข Database Fundamentals (Chap. 1)
3. 3
Conduct in Class
โข Attend the lab you are enrolled in
โข Attend the lecture you are enrolled in
โข Be punctual for lab/lecture
โข Turn off mobile phones
โข Do not distract other students or instructor by
talking with your friends
4. 4
How to study for ISOM3260
โข Attend lectures
โ Questions in exams will only include topics
covered in lectures
โข Read the textbook for more information
โข Review lecture notes/textbook after lecture
โข Email questions to me or make appointment
5. 5
What you will learn from this course
โข Database fundamentals
โ introduction to database concepts
โข Database development process
โ steps to develop a database
โข Conceptual data modeling
โ entity-relationship (ER) diagram; enhanced ER
โข Logical database design
โ transforming ER diagram into relations; normalization
โข Physical database design
โ technical specifications of the database
โข Database implementation
โ Structured Query Language (SQL), advanced SQL
โข Advanced topic
โ data warehousing; data and database administration
7. 7
Database Fundamentals
โข Concepts
โข Disadvantages of file processing systems
โข The database approach
โข Advantages of database approach
โข Costs and risks of database approach
โข Range of database applications
โข Components of database environment
โข Evolution of database systems
โข Current development
8. 8
Concepts
โข Data
โ stored representations of meaningful objects and events
โ structured data: numbers, text, dates
โ unstructured data: images, video, documents
โข Information
โ data processed to be useful in decision making
โ by putting data in a context or summarizing data
โข Database
โ an organized collection of logically related data
โ e.g. automobile repair database contains data on customers,
automobiles, and repair history
โข Metadata
โ data that describes properties of user data
10. 10
Figure 1-1b: Summarized data
Useful information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation
11. 11
Table 1-1: Metadata for Class Roster
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context
12. 12
Disadvantages of File Processing
โข Program-data dependence
โ all programs maintain metadata for each file they use
โ change to file structure requires changes to all programs that
access the file
โข Data redundancy (duplication of data)
โ data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies,
compromising data integrity
โข Limited data sharing
โ no centralized control of data
โข Lengthy development times
โ programmers must design their own file formats
โข Excessive program maintenance
โ consume 80% of information systems budget
13. 13
Figure 1-2: Old file processing systems at Pine Valley
Furniture Company
Duplicate Data
14. 14
The Database Approach
Database Management
System (DBMS) manages
data resources like an
operating system
manages hardware
resources
Database
containing
centralized
shared data
15. 15
Advantages of Database Approach
โข Program-data independence
โ metadata not stored in programs, so programs do not need to
worry about changes to data formats
โ results in increased productivity of application development and
reduced program maintenance
โข Minimal data redundancy
โ avoid wasted storage space
โ leads to increased data integrity/consistency
16. 16
Advantages of Database Approach
โข Improved data sharing
โ different users get different views of the data
โข Enforcement of standards
โ naming conventions, data quality standards, and uniform
procedures for accessing, updating, and protecting data
โข Improved data quality
โ constraints are business rules that cannot be violated by
database users
โ enforced by DBMS
โข Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
โ use of structured query language (SQL)
โ end users without programming experience can easily retrieve
data
17. 17
Costs and Risks of the
Database Approach
โข Requires new, specialized personnel
โข Installation and management cost and complexity
โ requires new software and upgrades to hardware and data
communications
โ substantial annual maintenance and support costs
โข Conversion costs
โ converting from legacy systems costs money and time
โข Need for explicit backup and recovery
โ shared corporate database must be accurate and available at all
times
โข Organizational conflict
โ agreement on data definitions and ownership, responsibilities
for accurate data maintenance
โ need strong top management support to resolve
18. 18
Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)
19. 19
Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)
One customer places many
orders, but each order is placed
by a single customer
๏ One-to-many relationship
20. 20
Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)
One order contains many order
lines; each order line is
contained in a single order
๏ One-to-many relationship
21. 21
Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)
One product can be in many
order lines, each order line refers
to a single product
๏ One-to-many relationship
22. 22
Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)
Therefore, one order involves
many products and one product
is involved in many orders
๏ Many-to-many relationship
23. 23
Order, Order_Line, Customer, and Product tables
Relationships established in special columns that provide
links between tables
27. Enterprise Database Applications
โข Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
โ business management system that integrates all
enterprise functions (e.g., manufacturing,
finance, sales, marketing, inventory,
accounting, human resources)
โข Data Warehouse
โ an integrated decision support system derived
from various operational databases
27
29. 29
Components of the
Database Environment
โข Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools โ
automated tools used to design databases and application programs
โข Repository โ centralized storehouse of metadata
โข DBMS โ software for managing the database
โข Database โ storehouse of the data
โข Application Programs โ software using the data
โข User Interface โ text and graphical displays to users
โข Data/Database Administrators โ personnel responsible for
maintaining the database
โข System Developers โ personnel responsible for designing
application programs
โข End Users โ people who use the applications and databases
32. 32
Current Development
โข Relational DBMS has > 80% market share
โข Major Database Vendors
โ Oracle: Oracle 11g, Oracle 12c
โ IBM: DB2, Informix
โ Microsoft: MS SQL Server
โ SAP: Sybase
โ Teradata: Teradata
33. 33
Current Development
โข Overall Market Share in 2012
โ Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft dominate the market
Source: Gartner, March 2013
Oracle, 48.30%
IBM 19.30%
Microsoft
18.17%
Others 14.23%
RDBMS Market Share
Oracle
IBM
Microsoft
Others
34. 34
Current Development
โข Oracle
โ strong customer base on enterprise RDBMS market
โ industry recognition of Oracle 11g and 12c
โ strong penetration in Linux/Unix platforms
โข IBM
โ DB2 dominates mainframe platforms
โข Microsoft
โ strong penetration in Windows platform
โ getting popular particularly with Small and Medium Enterprises
โข Teradata
โ emphasis on business intelligence and data warehousing
35. 35
Review Questions
โข Differences between data, database, information and
metadata
โข What are the disadvantages of file processing?
โข What is the database approach?
โข What are the advantages of the database approach?
โข What are the costs and risks of the database approach?
โข What are the range of database applications?
โข What are the components of the database environment?
โข What are the popular databases?