Evaluating End-use Potential for Process Food-wastes – Transitioning from a linear to a circular bioeconomy – challenges and opportunities – 2023 Water for Food Global Conference.pptx
“Evaluating End-use Potential for Process Food-wastes” by Abigail Engelberth at the 2023 Water for Food Global Conference. A recording of the presentation can be found on the conference playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSBeKOIXsg3JNyPowwJj6NDSpx4vlnCYj.
Semelhante a Evaluating End-use Potential for Process Food-wastes – Transitioning from a linear to a circular bioeconomy – challenges and opportunities – 2023 Water for Food Global Conference.pptx
Ms. Brenna Grant - Assessing the Sustainability of the Canadian Beef IndustryJohn Blue
Semelhante a Evaluating End-use Potential for Process Food-wastes – Transitioning from a linear to a circular bioeconomy – challenges and opportunities – 2023 Water for Food Global Conference.pptx (20)
Evaluating End-use Potential for Process Food-wastes – Transitioning from a linear to a circular bioeconomy – challenges and opportunities – 2023 Water for Food Global Conference.pptx
1. Evaluating End-use Potential for
Process Food-wastes
Abigail Engelberth
Associate Professor
Purdue University
aengelbe@purdue.edu
2. Defining the Resource
FOOD WASTE:
Low-quality material
that would cost more to
transport and treat than
to simply discard
38.4 million tons of food waste produced in 2014 in the U
US EPA, 2016
3. Terminology
• Plate waste, spoiled
food, or peels and
rinds considered
inedible
Food
waste
• Unused product from
the agricultural
sector, such as
unharvested crops.
Food
loss https://onethird.io/food-loss-food-waste-difference/
3
5. Potential Impact: Current Disposal Strategies
• In 2014, 29 million tons of food waste
were sent to landfill
• Difficult to handle the organic matter
resulting from decomposition
• Contributes to global warming
• Regarded as a relatively inexpensive way
to dispose of food waste when it is
combined with heat recovery
• Negative environmental impact from the
gases released
5
US EPA, 2016
6. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
In 2017, 14.1 % of methane emissions from
landfills were from food waste
If disposed food were diverted from landfills,
the net reduction in greenhouse gas impact
would be equivalent to taking one out of every
five vehicles off the road.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1364-7
7. Conserved Resources
• Wasted food wastes
• Water
• Gasoline
• Energy
• Labor
• Pesticides
• Land
• Fertilizers
When we throw food in the trash, we’re throwing
away much more than food.
9. Why target
industrial
food waste?
Easier to collect
Residential and
restaurant waste is
widely distributed
Consistent in composition and volume
Potential for conversion to a higher
value product
Create a demand for inedible, spoiled
or unattractive foods
9
10. How can lost food be upgraded?
SPECIALTY PRODUCTS HEAT AND POWER
10
12. Lactic acid from
potato peels
Waste
• 1.2 million tonnes of potatoes processed in U.S.
• Peel waste is 63% starch (dry weight)
Utilization
• Mixed microbial fermentation to lactate
• Inoculated with wastewater Sludge
• High production rate: 0.13 g lactic acid/gsolids day
Challenges & Opportunities
• Low lactate concentrations (11 g/L)
• Other FW experiments show potential with higher loading (>60
(>60 g/L).
• Optical purity could be enhanced with pure cultures
12
Wastewater
Sludge
100% L(+)-lactic acid 54% L(+)-lactic acid
ICIS Chem Bus (Baker, 2013; De Guzman, 2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.009
13. Optimize
Lactic Acid
concentration
Sakai et. al., 2000
•45 g L-1 Lactic acid
•37°C, pH 7
•5 days
Zhang et. al., 2008
•Optimized for L(+) Lactic
acid
•49 g L-1 L(+)-lactic acid
•pH 8, 35°C
•5 days
•Chen et. al., 2013
•higher lactic acid
when food waste was
co-digested with
sludge
•11.7 g COD L-1 (not
optimized)
•pH 8.2
•Engelberth and
RedCorn 2018
Proof of Concept Optimization
Food
Waste
Only
Food
Waste
Co-digested
w/ Sludge
14. Optimize Lactic Acid Concentration 14
Maximum
Lactic Acid
pH 5.5
Temperature 41˚C
Yield 150 g VS/L
59% L(+)
lactic acid
Concentration 250 g VS/L
54 % L(+)
lactic acid
R. RedCorn, and A.S. Engelberth, “Identifying conditions to optimize lactic acid production from food waste co-digested with
primary sludge“ Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2016. 105 part A: 205-213
RedCorn, R., Engelberth, A.S. “Opportunities to Improve the Conversion of Food Waste to Lactate: Fine Tuning Secondary Factors”.
Waste Management & Research. 2017. 35(11): 1112-1120.
15. How can lost food be upgraded?
SPECIALTY PRODUCTS HEAT AND POWER
15
17. AD prevalence
• U.S. has over 2,200 sites producing biogas
• 250 on farms
• 1,269 at water resource recovery facilities
(WRRF)
• 66 stand-alone systems for food waste
• 652 landfill gas projects
https://wasatchresourcerecovery.com/anaerobic-digestion
https://americanbiogascouncil.org/ 17
18. AD Facilities accepting or focused on food waste
Digester Type
Number of
Facilities
Reported
Capacity in 2019
(tons per year)
Reported Amount
Processed in 2018
(tons)
Stand-alone
digesters
68 20,699,807 8,210,705
On-farm co-
digesters
59 162,716 119,300
Co-digestion
systems at WRRF
82 2,485,058 1,484,866
US EPA Survey Report, Anaerobic Digestion Facilities Processing Food Waste in the United States (2017 &
2018)
18
19. Biogas Conversion
19
Biogas production reached 236 m3/d
60%-70% was methane
organics
plastics
bones
and shells
fabrics and
papers
miscellaneous waste
Key outcome: system is stable, despite fluctuations in organics loading
Lee et al., 1999
Anaerobic
Digestion
3 months
80% food waste
3.2 tonnes/day
24. What are the next steps?
Complex solutions are needed
•Collection and transportation
•Determine the best option for upgrading
•Education
Buy-in from producers,
communities, and consumers
What, when, and where to dispose
24
26. Take-a-way
• Food waste is inevitable, but does not need to be as voluminous as
current generation rates
• Industrial food waste is generally a more homogeneous resource
• More readily converted into higher-value products
• Valorization would diversify food processing revenue streams
while diverting environmentally harmful waste
• Facility size and product portfolio are important factors for
economic viability
26
27. Evaluating End-use Potential for
Process Food-wastes
Abigail Engelberth
Associate Professor
Purdue University
aengelbe@purdue.edu
Posters from USDA, early 20th Century
Notas do Editor
Plate waste (i.e., food that has been served but not eaten)
Some amount of food waste is inevitable
Sometimes terms are used interchangeably
The drivers of food waste can occur at any level between production, harvest, distribution, processing, and the consumer. While the drivers vary globally, the industrialized regions of North America, Europe, and Asia share similar situations; in each of these regions the largest loss of food waste occurs with the consumer, at approximately 51% of total waste generated
food waste typically exhibits the highest methane potential among MSW constituents (Chickering et al., 2018), making it responsible for a significant amount of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from landfills (Lee et al., 2017).
Wasted food represents a significant cost, with landfill tipping fees in the U.S. averaging around $50/t for waste disposal
Homogeneous
Food waste from industrial sources is
Easier to collect
Easier to convert and handle
Well, it all depends on the resource and the needs.
Acetic acid present in hydrolyzate from 2 to 15 g/L
Ancillary factors include
Freeze-thaw
Inoculation hold-over
pH control (discontinuous vs. continuous control)
Well, it all depends on the resource and the needs.
AD is quite versatile and can use a variety of inputs to create outputs
Not only is electricity and heat able to be produced but there is both a solid and a liquid digestate that is created
Combined in all 50 states
At WWRF ~860 currently use the biogas they produce
Compare with Europe that has over 10,000 operating sites
Well, it all depends on the resource and the needs.
Plant capacity and product portfolio are two major factors
Economics analyses have few common metrics
Focus moving forward
Use a consolidated facility aimed at producing an assortment of products
Consortia of organic matter from a variety of sources should be focus
And not just dispose, but also where to send to the next step in the process