1. By:
Waheeda Mustafa Omer
M.Sc. Student
Kurdistan Region Government – Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
University of Duhok, Faculty of Engineering and
Applied science /School of Planning

2. Background
 Land degradation is a central challenge to sustainable
urban development.
 At the global scale, key problems threatening natural
resources and the sustainability of life support systems
are:
1. soil degradation, about one third of the world‟s agricultural land
has been damaged, mostly by soil loss caused by water
erosion
2. water problems of quality and quantity, as well as spatial and
temporal interdependence (highland-lowland effects).
3. natural vegetation: problems of quality, quantity and biodiversity
4. wildlife: problems of protected areas, wildlife corridors,
controlled hunting and poaching. (Dumanski, J (ed). 1994).
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3. Sustainable Urban management ,
(SUM)
SUM it is defined as a knowledge-based procedure that helps integrate
land, water , biodiversity, and environmental management , to
meet rising food and fiber demands while sustaining ecosystem services
and livelihoods using land management technology, regional
planning and policy framework.( Hurni, H. 1997)
There are Five Element of Urban management:-
1. Outcome
2. Output
3. Process
4. Input
5. Internal & External Forces
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4. 1- Outcome (city welfare for all)
The Overall , overall urban society
 sustainable economically
The Group, each individual group of the urban society
 sustainable socially-politically
The Past , historical/cultural background of the urban society
 sustainable culturally ( Cultural preservation)
The Future , future generation of the urban society
 sustainable environmentally
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5. 2- Output ( livable city)
Efficient, productive, and competitive cities
 livable / sustainable economically
Accessible and affordable cities (services)
 livable / sustainable socially-politically
Attractive and culturally rich cities
 livable / sustainable culturally
Healthy & resource efficient cities
 livable / sustainable environmentally
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6. 3-Process (good governance)
Continuous processes, planning, implementation, evaluation,
feedback, etc.
technical process , multi disciplinary actors
political decision making process, multi stakeholders (public-
private-community-mass media)
Participation, transparency , equity and accountability, etc.
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7. 4- Input ( institutions)
Political support & commitment
 public-private-community participation
Supporting resources
 law & regulation
 organization
 human resources
 finance
Leadership
 to do the right thing
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8. 5- Forces (globalization)
External ( global forces)
borderless world, rapid changes, high uncertainty, etc.
Internal ( local pressures)
local needs, local culture, etc.
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9. Eng.Waheeda

10. 1- System
How to manage land & urban form???????
sustainable economically, socially, politically, culturally, and
environmentally:
 competitive urban output
 compact, mixed land use, mixed groups
 heritage preservation
 greenery ( urban agriculture)
 multi centered city……………..etc.Eng.Waheeda

11. 2-Network System
How to manage urban infrastructure & services ????
sustainable economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally
 public transport, transportation demand management, etc
 water supply, etc.
 Solid waste management ….etc.
 waste water management,………… etc.
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12. 3- Institutional System
How to manage the institutional system????
sustainable economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally
 legal
 organization
 human resources
 finance
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13. 4- Spatial System
How to manage the spatial system -- the city and its hinterland ???
sustainable economically, socially, culturally, environmentally
 integrated plan – management- development with its
neighboring regions ; on land use, infrastructure & services, and
institution.
 local-regional-national-global scale.
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14. Social
econo
my
enviro
ment
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15. How to manage………….?
 land & urban form
 urban infrastructure & services
 urban institutions
 urban space
Livable city for all , to work, live, and play…….?
 sustainable economically
 sustainable socially-politically
 sustainable culturally
 sustainable environmentally
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16. Multi-level Stakeholder Approach to
Sustainable Urban Management
Defined as , feasible acceptable, viable and ecologically sound
solutions at local scales management.
Consist of five major pillars of sustainability,
1. ecologically protective,
2. socially acceptable
3. economically productive
4. economically viable, and
5. reduce risk.
 It is address the issue related to :
for whom will SUM be realized? for what? by what means? and with what
impact?
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17. Intervention levels and activities in a multi-
level stakeholder approach to SLM
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18. Urbanization
It is defined as an increase in a population in cities and towns
versus rural area . It began during the industrial revolution when
worker moved towards manufacturing hubs in cities in cities to
obtain job in factories as agriculture become less common
Patterns of Urban Growth
1. Increasing proportion of population
2. Great increase in large cities (>1,000,000)
3. Increasing rapidly in developing counties
4. Urban growth slower in developed countries
5. Poverty in urban areas increasing
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19. Eng.Waheeda

21. Urban Area : Inputs and Outputs
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22. Eng.Waheeda

23. Study Area Location
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24. Duhok Governorate is a highly urbanized area with approximately
70% of its population living in cities.
Duhok City is under great development pressure, it has registered a
population growth from (6.4%) to (6.8%) per year over the past four
years
The City faces more challenges and higher demands of
environmental, social, and economical resources
Problem Definition
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25. Study Questions & Objectives
Study Questions
Are there a popper SUM in Duhok city?
What are the factors effecting on SUM in Duhok city?
Study Objectives :
To evaluate the effect of urban management on Duhok city master
plan.
To formulate policy and recommendations to support decision maker
and urban planner for getting SUM in Duhok City.
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26. Study hypothesis
There is a significant effect of Sustainable
Urban Management on the Duhok master
plan.
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27. Eng.Waheeda

28. Population Density
Year
Area of urban land use
in Hectares
No. of population
Population density
(per/Hec.)
1947 10.34 5621 534.6
1957 25.79 7680 297.8
1977 224.33 40191 179.1
1987 633.18 114322 180.5
1998 809.42 212469 262.5
2007 2794.6 250508 89.6
Population Density during (1947-2007).
Source: Hirory, 2008
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30. +years
-years
-years
% of Age Groups in Duhok City
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31. Period
percentage of annually population
growth rate
1947-1957 3.17
1957-1977 8.6
1977-1987 11.02
1987-1998 7.8
1998-2007 1.8
1947-2007 6.5
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33. The case study (Duhok City) Cont.
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34. % of Development Area Per Urban Sectors
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35. Population Density in Duhok City
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36. Household Size in Neighborhood of Duhok City
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37. Master Plan of Duhok City to 2032
Vision:
“Livable and Equitable City with Distinct
Identity”
Mission:
To enhance the quality of life of Duhok citizens
through the conservation and protection of the
natural, cultural resources, introduction of recreational
opportunities and improvement of the infrastructure
quality towards sustainable land use allocation
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38. Goals
The master plan identifies seven goals for the City:
 High – quality diversified and complete living
environments.
 Structuring, efficient transportation networks fully integrated.
 A prestigious, convivial and inhabited centre.
 Dynamic, accessible and diversified employment areas.
 High quality architecture and urban landscapes.
 An enhanced built, archaeological and natural heritage.
 A healthy environment.
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39. Duhok urban area expansion for 2032.
First stage
Second stage
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40. Supply
 Urban area within Duhok Master Plan divided in to two type stage
First stage :up to 2017
Second stage: expansion after 2035
 Total Population in Duhok city 325,000 in 2011
 Duhok city Master plan able to provide land approximately for
1,3000,000 population ( Duhok Master Plan report).
Based on growth equation:
Pf=Pn(1+R)^2……………………> r will be 5% up to 2035Eng.Waheeda

41. Demand
Based on the statistical data from general directorate of municipality
and directorate of urban planning, There ware:
5000plots needed for compensation the landowner of Duhok
Airport
2000plots needed for( )the landowner of Sumel and Mrena
village
1000 plots need to distribute for employment
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43. Duhok urban area expansion for 2032.
Not distributed land
privet owned
Consumed land
Remaining land
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44. Buildup land
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46. Recommendations
Control the speed and magnitude of growth.
Policy and legislative reform.
Participation of local people.
Academic and research institutions.
Information and data collection systems.
Land use classification and inventory
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47. Refrences
• Dumanski, J (ed). 1994. Workshop Summary. Proc of the international
workshop on sustainable land management for the 21st century (Vol 1).
Agric Inst of Canada, Ottawa.
• Hurni, H.(1996). Precious Earth. From Soil and Water Conservation to
• Sustainable Land Management. Internatl Soil Conserv Org (ISCO),
• and Centre for Dev and Environ (CDE), Bern.
• Hurni, H.(1996). Concepts of sustainable land management. ITC
journal,(Vol 3) P 2010-2015
• Tyler. G. (n.d), Living in the Environment MATES, Sustainable Cities:
Urban Land Use and Management, Chapter 25 .
• Kusbiantoro ,BS. 2001 “Urban Management to Reach Sustainability”.
Urban and Regional Development Institute and Bandung Institute of
Technology Indonesia PECC XIV, Hong Kong, 28-30 November 2001
• Claudio .A. (2003) “The Meaning and Scope of Urban Management: an
introductory note”, in Azza Sirry (2003), „Urban Management Practices in
Secondary Cities in Egypt: the case of Belbeis‟, Elias Modern Publishing
House, Cairo, Egypt. Eng.Waheeda

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