Slides for HCI curriculum course Design for All, Lecture 4

1. Design for All
Lecture Four
Vladimir Tomberg, PhD
Design for ALL
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2. Lesson Agenda
• Basic Principles
• Presenting results of the homework:
– Finding the good HCI examples
– Opportunities and Threats workshop (if ready)
• Filling in a closing survey
• Finishing Design workshop based of the first
assignment

3. The Overview
UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
AND STRATEGIES

4. Source Book
• Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal
and accessible design for
products, services, and processes.
CRC Press.
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5. Higher level places design constraints on the
lower level
The hierarchical structure of the
universal design principles
Transcending principles
• Equitable Use
More general
More encompassing
Process related principles
• Flexibility
• Error-management
• Efficiency
• Stability/predictability
Human factors principles
More detailed
More narrowly
defined
More specific
• Ergonomic
• Perception
• Cognition
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6. Transcending principle
• Equitable Use Principle
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7. Equitable Use Principle
• Universally designed entities should be
equitable;
• That is, the entities should provide the same
means of use for all users: identical whenever
possible and equivalent when not possible;
• The products and processes should avoid
segregating or stigmatizing any users, making
the design appealing to all users
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8. Equitable Use
Source: livewellcollaborative.org
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9. Equitable Use Strategies
• Design entities that are age and context
appropriate;
• Design entities that are aesthetically pleasing;
• Design entities that are competitively priced;
• Market the entity for as broad a demographic
and socioeconomic base as reasonable and
possible;
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10. Equitable Use Strategies
Source: kohhranthianghlim.org
Source: americanallergysupply.com
Design entities that are age and context appropriate
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11. Equitable Use Strategies
Source: fastcodesign.com
Source: designapplause.com
Design entities that are aesthetically pleasing
(Examples from OXO design)
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12. Equitable Use Strategies
Source: amazon.com
Source: nextpowerup.com
Design entities that are competitively priced
(Examples: Expensive and relatively cheap Optical Image
Stabilization)
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13. Equitable Use Strategies
The products and processes should avoid segregating or
stigmatizing any users, making the design appealing to all users
Source: designboom.com
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14. Process Related Principles
•
•
•
•
Stable and Predictable Principle
Efficiency (Muda Elimination) Principle
Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle
Flexibility Principle
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15. Stable and Predictable Principle
• Design entities to reduce common cause
variation. That is, design entities to be stable
and predictable so that users can expect
performance that supports the desired
activity.
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16. Stable and Predictable Principle
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17. Stable and Predictable Design
Strategies
• Work to establish national and international
standards for products, processes, and services
so as to reduce their common cause variability
• Reduce the common cause variability associated
with the person’s interaction with the product or
process
• Reduce common cause variability using quality
control and reliability engineering techniques to
ensure proper functioning of the product
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18. Stable and Predictable Principle
This scheme has the highest common cause variability
Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible
design for products, services, and processes. CRC
Press.
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19. Stable and Predictable Principle
This scheme has less common cause variability than Level 1, but still
leaves room for potential errors due to judgments about pointer position
Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible
design for products, services, and processes. CRC
Press.
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20. Stable and Predictable Principle
The vertical orientation of the correct readings increase reliability and
reduces common cause variability if speed is important (e.g., dashboard dials in a racing car).
Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible
design for products, services, and processes. CRC
Press.
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21. Efficiency (Muda Elimination)
Principle
• Muda (無駄) is a Japanese word meaning:
futility;
uselessness;
idleness;
superfluity;
waste;
wastage;
wastefulness
Source: Gemba Kaizen
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22. Efficiency (muda elimination)
• Designed entities need to be efficient in that
they have reduced as much of the non-valueadded activities as possible and/or is
reasonable
• Non-value-added activity (NVAA) is any
activity that does not directly add to the
successful and timely completion of the task
or activity
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23. Efficiency (muda elimination)
• Muda elimination would include providing
doors, walkways, elevators, and escalators so
as to allow an efficient flow of people for
normal operations.
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24. Efficiency Design Strategies
• Reduce or eliminate non-value-added activity
(NVAA);
• Make the designed entity as simple and easy
to use as possible;
• Avoid complexity in that it leads to NVAA;
• Use task analysis techniques to identify tasks
or activities that can be eliminated or
redesigned so as to reduce or eliminate NVAA
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25. Efficiency Design Strategies
Reduce or eliminate non-value-added
activity (NVAA)
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26. Efficiency Design Strategies
Make the designed entity as simple and
easy to use as possible
Image: crave.cnet.co.uk
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27. Efficiency Design Strategies
Avoid complexity in that it leads to NVAA
Image: 2.bp.blogspot.com
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28. Efficiency Design Strategies
Use task analysis techniques to identify tasks or activities that
can be eliminated or redesigned so as to reduce or eliminate
NVAA
Image: infoq.com
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29. Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle
• Entities must be designed so that they support
doing the right thing. It is important to create
a design wherein errors can be managed
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30. Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle
My favorite example
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31. Error-Managed Design Strategies
• Use a three-staged approach to errorproofing:
1. Prevent errors at the source;
2. Provide a warning that an error has or is
about to occur;
3. Provide quick and easy recovery if an error
has occurred
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32. Error-Managed Design Strategies
Prevent errors at the source
Image source: blog.crazyegg.com
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33. Error-Managed Design Strategies
Provide a warning that an error has or is about to
occur
Image source: designmodo.com
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34. Error-Managed Design Strategies
Provide quick and easy recovery if an error
has occurred
Image source: teamwindows8.com
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35. Error-Managed Design Strategies
Provide quick and easy recovery if an error
has occurred
Image source: teamwindows8.com
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36. Flexibility Principle
• Design products, systems, and environments
with enough flexibility so that they can be
used and experienced by people of all
abilities, to the greatest extent possible,
without adaptations
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37. Flexibility Principle
Image: ergonomicsolutionsaustralia.com.au
Image: indiandrives.com
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38. Flexibility Design Strategies
• Provide the user with choices;
• Provide adjustability and mobility
• Build flexibility into service delivery systems
and work processes
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39. Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide the user with a choice of language (English,
French, etc.)
Source: europa.eu
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40. Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide the user with a choice of mode for
communication
Source: redorbit.com
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41. Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide adjustability and mobility
Source: toyota.com.au
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42. Flexibility Design Strategies
Mobility example:
Wheelchair Accessible Bathroom
Source: beyondthescreendoor.com
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43. Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide adjustable response times
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44. Flexibility Design Strategies
Time
Times for starting and finishing a service
Content
B. Collis and J. Moonen, Flexible Learning in a Digital World. London, U.K.: Kogan, 2001.
Flexibility dimensions
Times for submitting transactions and interacting with the service provider
Tempo/pace of conducting transactions
Content, type, and quality of service provided
Sequence of transactions and services provided
Orientation of the service (sales, information)
Requirements
Instructional material, users manuals, guidelines, and procedures
Conditions for participation
Delivery and logistics Time and place where contact with service provider occurs
Methods and technology for obtaining support and making contact
Types of help, communication available, and technology required
Location and technology for participating in various aspects of service
delivery
Delivery channels for information, content, and communication
Build flexibility into service delivery systems and
work processes
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45. Human Factors Principles
• Cognition Principle
• Perception Principle
• Ergonomic Principle
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46. Cognition Principle
• The cognitive demands of designed entities
must be within acceptable limits for a wide
range of users
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47. Cognition Principle
Image: zocalopublicsquare.org
Source: google.com
Example: Color coding in Wal-Mart
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48. Cognitively Sound Design Strategies
• Build knowledge into the designed entity or
environment;
• Use universally or globally understood icons,
symbols, or pictures for communications;
• Reduce the operational complexity of the
entity
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49. Cognitively Sound Design Strategies
• Build knowledge into the designed entity or
environment strategy:
• Four design elements are generally associated with
good cognitive design:
Affordance
Mapping
Constraints
Feedback
• Each of these design elements can support human
capabilities and hence support universal and accessible
design strategies.
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50. Affordance
Source: raftfurniture.co.uk
Source: blackrocktools.com
Affordance refers to the actual and perceived attributes of a product
or process that suggest its uses
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51. Mapping
Source: usabilitypost.com
Use mappings to help users form clear conceptual models
of the entity’s operations and simplify operations
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52. Constraints
Source: globalsources.com
Source: eco-drive.co.uk
Use constraints so as to control the course of actions and prevent or
reduce the possibility of the users doing the wrong thing
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53. Feedback
Use feedback to keep the user informed as to the status of the entity’s
operations and the entity’s response to user inputs
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54. Cognitively Sound Design
Strategies
Source: tema.ru/travel
Source: coachhiremanchester.com
Use universally or globally understood icons, symbols, or pictures for
communications
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55. Cognitively Sound Design Strategies
Source: darkroastedblend.com
Reduce the operational complexity of the entity
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56. Perception Principle
• Designed entities must effectively
communicate necessary information to the
user, regardless of ambient conditions or the
user’s sensory abilities
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57. Perceptible Design Strategies
Example: Emergency warning systems are prime examples of systems
that must be perceptible by as many people as possible
Source: fox6now.com
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58. Perceptible Design Strategies
• Provide multisensory options for
communications between a person and the
process or product;
• Design signals so as to maximize the signal-tonoise ratio;
• Provide the ability for a person to increase or
decrease the signal strength so as to increase
the signal-to-noise ratio
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59. Perceptible Design Strategies
Source: gaates.org
Source: slashgear.com
Provide multisensory options for communications between a
person and the process or product
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60. Perceptible Design Strategies
Design signals so as to maximize the signal-to-noise
ratio
Source: zyalt.livejournal.com
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61. Perceptible Design Strategies
Source: www4.gira.com
Source: cdrinfo.com
Provide the ability for a person to increase or decrease the
signal strength so as to increase the signal-to-noise ratio
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62. Ergonomic Principle
• The physical demands associated with the use
of an entity must be within acceptable limits
for a wide range of users.
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63. Question:
Whom this ramp is for?
The source is unknown
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64. I guess this is the only one
possible answer
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65. Ergonomic Design Strategies
• Design to avoid ergonomic risk factors;
• Design for a wide range of body sizes and
shapes;
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66. Ergonomic Design Strategies
Design to avoid ergonomic risk factors
Image: Goldsmith , C., UNIVERSAL DESIGN
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67. Ergonomic Design Strategies
Design for a wide range of body sizes and shapes
Image source: openplay.co.uk
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68. Ergonomic Design Strategies
Example: Boing 747 economy class interior mockup.
Circa 1965
Image source: reddit.com
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69. Ergonomic Design Strategies
Example: Economy class today
Image source: dialaflight.com
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70. 1.
2.
Finding the good HCI examples
Opportunities and Threats workshop
PRESENTING RESULTS OF
HOMEWORK
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71. Please complete a survey!
(15 minutes)
HTTP://GOO.GL/FULNT9
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72. Continuation of Workshop on TLU Building Accessibility Report
HTTP://GOO.GL/4MD8FQ
(OR FIND IT IN YOUR GOOGLE DRIVE)
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73. End of the Course
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