1. Prepared by: May Vallerie V. Sarmiento RN
Submitted to: ERLINDA E. DOMINGO RN., MPH.,
CESO IV Professor III

2. Nursing theories
 FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH- She introduced
patient-Centered approaches to nursing
model. She identified twenty one nursing
problems. She defined nursing as service to
individuals and families; therefore to society.
Major Concepts
 as individuals
 Health
 Society
 Nursing Problems
 Problem Solving

3. 21 Nursing Problems
 To promote good hygiene and physical
comfort
 To promote optimal activity, exercise,
rest, and sleep
 To promote safety through prevention of
accidents, injury, or other trauma and
through the prevention of the spread of
infection
 To maintain good body mechanics and
prevent and correct deformities
 To facilitate the maintenance of a supply
of oxygen to all body cells
 To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition
of all body cells
 To facilitate the maintenance of
elimination
 To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and
electrolyte balance
 To recognize the physiologic responses of
the body to disease conditions
 To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory
mechanisms and functions
 To facilitate the maintenance of sensory
function
 To identify and accept positive and negative
expressions, feelings, and reactions
 To identify and accept the interrelatedness
of emotions and organic illness
 To facilitate the maintenance of effective
verbal and nonverbal communication
 To promote the development of productive
interpersonal relationships

4.  To facilitate progress toward achievement of
personal spiritual goals
 To create and maintain a therapeutic
environment
 To facilitate awareness of self as an individual
with varying physical, emotional, and
developmental needs
 To accept the optimum possible goals in light of
physical and emotional limitations
 To use community resources as an aid in
resolving problems arising from illness
 To understand the role of social problems as
influencing factors in the cause of illness

5. JEAN WATSON-Conceptualized the Human Caring
Model (Nursing: Human Science and Care).
Nursing
Person
Major Concepts
 Society
 Human being
 Health
 Nursing
 Actual caring
occasion
 transpersonal
Sub-concepts
 Phenomenal field
 Self
 Time

6. Care
Compassion
Prevent
Aware
Supportive
Trust
healing
Nurse Healing of
mind
body and
soul
Patient
Human caring Model

7.  LYDIA HALL-She
introduced the
model on Nursing:
Focusing on the
notion that centers
around three
components of
CARE, CORE, and
CURE.
Major Concepts
 Individual
 Health
 Environment
 Nursing
Sub-concepts
 The Core Circle
 The Care Circle
 The Cure Circle

8. Core Care Cure Diagram

9.  EVELYN ADAM-Conceptual Model of
Nursing - Broader than a theory, a
conceptual model specifies nursing's focus
of inquiry and may thus lead to the
development of theories which will prove
useful not only to nurses but to other health
professionals as well.

10.  Evelyn Adams had 6 main components of her
conceptual model
 Goal of the profession; the end the member of the
profession strives to achieve.
 Beneficiary: A person or a group of people who the
professional directs their activities like the client.
 Role: This is the part that the professional plays. It is
the societal function of the professional.
 Source of Difficulty: The probable origin of the clients
difficulty to which the professional is prepared to
cope.
 Intervention: The focus of centers of the
professional’s attention, the moment they intervenes
with a client.
 Consequences: The results of the professional’s
effort to attain the ideal and limited goal.

11. DOROTHEA OREM-She developed the Self-
care and Self-care deficit Theory.
Major Concepts
 Nursing
 Humans
 Environment
 Health
 Self-care
 Self-care agency
 Basic conditioning
factors
 Therapeutic Self-care
Demand
 Self-care Deficit
Sub-concepts
 Self-care Requisites or
requirements can be
defined as actions
directed toward the
provision of self-care. It
is presented in three
categories:
 Universal self-care
requisites
 Developmental self-
care requisites
 Health deviation self-
care requisites

13. Non-Nursing Theories
Hans Selye’s Theory of Stress
• Selye (1976) initially proposed a triadic
model as the basis for the stress-response
pattern. The elements included adrenal
cortex hypertrophy, thymicolymphatic (e.g.,
the thymus, the lymph nodes, and the
spleen) atrophy, and gastrointestinal ulcers.
• Simply nervous tension; it can occur in
organisms without nervous systems or in
anesthetized or unconscious patients.

14. • Always the nonspecific result of damage;
normal activities, such as tennis or a
passionate kiss, can produce a stress
response without conspicuous damage.
• Anything that causes an alarm reaction: It is
the stressor that is the stimulus and not the
stress itself.
• a nonspecific reaction: The pattern of the
stress response is specific, although its
cause and effects may vary.

15. General Adaptation
Syndrome
 Selye (1976) labeled this process general
“because it was produced only by agents
which have a general effect upon large
portions of the body,” adaptive “because it
stimulated defense and, thereby, helped in
the acquisition and maintenance of a state
of inurement,” and syndrome “because its
individual manifestations are coordinated
and, even partly, dependent upon one
another”

16. • direct effect of the stress
• internal responses that stimulated tissue
• internal responses that caused tissue
surrender
Selye (1976) identified level of function and
normal level of resistance as other
constructs in his model.
• Alarm Stage
• Resistance Stage
• Exhaustion Stage

17. Psychological Stress: The
Lazarus Theory
 Psychological stress refers to a
relationship with the environment that
the person appraises as significant for
his or her well being and in which the
demands tax or exceed available coping
resources

18.  This concept is necessary to explain
individual differences in quality, intensity,
and duration of an elicited emotion in
environments that are objectively equal for
different individuals.
 Specific patterns of primary and secondary
appraisal lead to different kinds of stress.
Three types are distinguished: harm,
threat, and challenge.

19.  Coping is intimately related to the
concept of cognitive appraisal and,
hence, to the stress relevant person-
environment transactions. Most
approaches in coping research follow
Folk man and Lazarus (1980, p. 223),
who define coping as `the cognitive and
behavioral efforts made to master,
tolerate, or reduce external and internal
demands and conflicts among them.'