my seminar

1. Geometry and
elements of
fold

2. The bending of rock strata of
plastic nature due to
compressional forces acting
horizontally towards a common
point or plane from opposite
directions is known as folding.
INTRODUCTION

3. It results in the crumbling of
strata , resulting in a wavy
formation on the surface of the
earth , which are known as
folds.
Folds are described by their
form & orientation.
CONTINUE...

5. The stretch of the rock beds lying
between any crest and any of the
adjacent troughs on either sides is
known as the limb of the fold.
The limb may be then redefined as the
fold segment between a hinge line and
the adjacent inflection line.
1.LIMBS

7. A point can be found where curvature is
maximum is called hinge point.
When rocks occur in a sequence & their
all hinge points are joined together ,
they make a line , called the hinge line.
2.HINGE

9. An axial plane is that imaginary plane
that passes through all the points of
maximum curvature in a folded
sequence.
It may be vertical , inclined or
horizontal in nature.
3.AXIAL PLANE

11. A line drawn parallel to the hinge line of
a fold.
A precise definition is the line
representing the intersection of the
axial plane of a fold with any bed of the
fold.
4.AXIS OF A FOLD

13. The angle of inclination of the fold axis
with the horizontal as measured in a
vertical plane is termed the plunge of
the fold.
In other words , plunge is the angle
which this line makes with a horizontal
plane.
5.PLUNGE OF A FOLD

15. Crest-Highest points in an uparched
fold.
Trough-Lowest point in a downarched
fold.
Inflection point-A point on a fold at
which the fold changes from syncline
to anticline or vice versa.
6.CREST,TROUGH & INFLECTION
POINT

17. Engineering & general geology-Parbin
Singh.
A textbook of geology-G.B.Mahabatra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flank_
%26_hinge.PNG
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agiosp
avlos_DM_2004_IMG002_Felsenformati
on.JPG
REFERNCE

18. THANK YOU
A-TEAM