1. ISHAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY
GREATER NOIDA
A COMPARATIVE MARKETING RESEARCH
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON CORRUPTION”
(Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Post
Graduate Diploma in BUSINESS MANAGEMENT “2014-2016”)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mrs. REETA Mam
(Faculty, Human Resource Management)
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Dr. D.K.Garg UTSAV KUNDU
CHAIRMAN SIR ENR No-20006
2. 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.N PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
01 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2
02 DECLARATION 3
03 PREFACE 4
04 INTRODUCTION 5
05 CORRUPTION IN DIFFERENT SECTOR 6
06 OBJEDCTIVE OF THE RESEARCH 7
CHAPTER -1
07 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 8-9
CHAPTER -2
08 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 10
CHAPTER -3
09 QUESTIONNAIRES &CHI SQUARE TEST 11-41
CHAPTER -4
10 FINDINGS AND PERSONAL EXPERENCE 42
CHAPTER -5
11 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 43
CHAPTER -6
12 SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION 44
CHAPTER -7
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 45
14 ANNEXURE 46
15 CONCLUTION 47
16 RESPONDENTS DETAILS 48-50
3. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This marketing research project has been made possible through the direct and
indirect cooperation of various persons for whom I wish to express my
appreciation and gratitude.
First and foremost, our intellectual debt is to this academic curriculum of ISHAN
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY in which the institute
has included such a type of project in the emerging field of management.
We are thankful to chairman sir Dr. D. K. Garg(Chairman Sir) who has
allowed me to conduct a research on “PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON
CORRUPTION”..
I also take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to marketing research
faculty Mrs. REETA Mam.
4. 3
DECLARATION
I UTAV KUNDU students of Ishan Institute of Management and Technology,
Greater Noida, (U.P.) hereby declared that project entitled “PEOPLE’S
PERCEPTION ON CORRUPTION” is original work carried by us for the partial
fulfillment of Post graduate diploma in Business Management under the guidance
of Mrs. Reeta mam.
It is the original project & respondents are original & we have followed all the
guidance & instructions issued by institute time to time for the preparation of this
project. It is further submitted that the questionnaire has been filled by the
respondent in our presence only. The compilation of all information and data are
accurate, if it is found that anything is wrong or any respondent is false than the
institute can take any penal action against us and the guide.
It is further submitted that this project is the property of Ishan Institute of
Management & Technology, Gr.Noida, (U.P.)
Researchers’ Name:
Name - UTSA KUNDU
Course - PGDM
ENR - 20006
Batch - 20th
Date : Signature :
5. 4
PREFACE
Business needs certain kind of information in order to be able to satisfy their
customer wants and needs to design effective marketing programmed. Basically
they want information regarding target market, product, services, price,
distribution, and promotion.
Marketing research specifies the information required addressing these issues,
design the method for collecting information manages and implement the data
collection process analysis the result and communicate the findings and their
implication.
Research is defined as the process of knowing the facts and verifying the old ones
by the application of scientific methods to natural phenomena so as to come to
uniform of laws governing these phenomena.
The research process involves a circular flow because conclusion from research
studies frequently gives rise to ideas and problems, which should be further
investigated.
6. 5
Introduction
TOPIC = “PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON CORRUPTION”.
In philosophical, theological,or moral discussions, corruption is spiritual or moral
impurity or deviation from an ideal. Corruption may include many activities
including bribery and embezzlement. Government, or 'political', corruption occurs
when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity
for personal gain.
The word corrupt when used as an adjective literally means "utterly broken". The
word was first used by Aristotle and later by Cicero who added the terms bribe and
abandonment of good habits. Morris, a professor of politics, writes that corruption
is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest. Economist I.
Senior defines corruption as an action to secretly provide a good or a service to a
third party so that he or she can influence certain actions which benefit the corrupt,
a third party, or both in which the corrupt agent has authority. Kauffman, from the
World Bank extends the concept to include 'legal corruption' in which power is
abused within the confines of the law - as those with power often have the ability
to shape the law for their protection.
7. 6
Corruption in different sectors
Government/Public Sector
Public sector corruption includes corruption of the political process and of
government agencies such as the police as well as corruption in processes of
allocating public funds for contracts, grants, and hiring. Recent research by the
World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions (elected officials or
bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the
incentives different policy-makers face.
Political corruption
Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected
government officials for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering
bribes. It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office
by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers' money. Evidence
suggests that corruption can have political consequences- with citizens being asked
for bribes becoming less likely to identify with their country or region.
Police corruption
Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain
financial benefits, other personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police
officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an
investigation or arrest. One common form of police corruption is soliciting and/or
accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings
or other illegal activities. Another example is police officers flouting the police
code of conduct in order to secure convictions of suspects. More rarely, police
officers may deliberately and systematically participate in organized crime
themselves. In most major cities, there are internal affairs sections to investigate
suspected police corruption or misconduct.
Judicial corruption
Judicial corruption refers to corruption related misconduct of judges, through
receiving or giving bribes, improper sentencing of convicted criminals, bias in the
hearing and judgment of arguments and other such misconduct. Governmental
corruption of judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing
countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The
latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial
dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the
government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics.
8. 7
Objective of the research
Main objective:
To find out the perception of the people about Corruption in INDIA.
To create a corruption-free India, so that the poor do not lose their voice to
corruption.
To identify the impact of Corruption among the peoples.
.
By Objective:
To find out the main reason for Corruption in INDIA.
To know about the people’s opinion regarding Corruption.
To improve transparency and accountability by eradicating corruption
through widening of knowledge and catalyzing action.
9. 8
Research Methodology
Technology, customers taste & preference plays a vital role in today’s generation.
Research methodology is set up of various methods to be followed to find out
information regarding market of different people. Research methodology is
required in every industry to acquire knowledge of their product and services.
a) RESEARCH DESIGN:-
This study portrays the attitude of people towards adulteration in food items. This
also portrays the characteristics of customers they have. The study which is
concerned with describing the characteristics of individual or group is known as
Descriptive study. Hence our study is Descriptive and Exploratory in nature.
b) SAMPLE:-
Sample is the selection of persons from the different background and level to
know their views and opinions regarding their relationship with adulteration in
food items. Assuming that the sample data will be able to estimate population
parameters, so sample size is of 100 persons.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:-
The sampling technique used in this study is Convenience sampling and
non-probabilistic sampling as because the area chosen by us for the survey was
totally based on our convenience. Convenience sampling was one chosen purely
for expedience. A convenience sampling is sometimes useful in marketing research
for certain specialized purposes. If one little information about the subject then a
small scale convenience sample can be of value in exploratory work, to help
understand the rage of variability of response in subject area. Just talking to few
consumers may help identify issues.
10. 9
c) DATA COLLECTION:-
Two types of data were collected. They are
1. Primary data:- Primary data consists of original information gathered
for specific purpose. The primary data is collected through questionnaire.
The questionnaire is through common instrument collecting primary
collection. I collected the data through questionnaire from different peoples
like students, teachers and other through questionnaire comprising of 15
questions.
2. Secondary data:- Secondary data were collected from various
websites. Also from several books
QUESTIONAIRE METHOD:
1. Structured Non-disguised questionnaire: Most questionnaire studies made
in marketing research are of this type. A structured interviews of this type
introduced gives more reliable results. The purpose of the question is clear
and thus undisguised. It is simple to administer and easy to tabulate and
analyze. This questionnaire has also got the provision for alternative response
that helps in marketing the questions clear.
d) SCALING OR QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE:-
The following tools were used for analysis:
Simple percentage analysis
Point analysis
1. Simple percentage Analysis:
In this method, based on the opinions of the respondents, percentage is calculated for the
respective scales of each factor.
2. Point Analysis:
The Likert scale consists of a number of statements, which express either a
favorable and unfavorable attitude towards the given object to which the
respondent is asked to react. The scales used for this study is:
YES NO CAN’T SAY
11. 10
Statistical analysis and interpretation
The tools and methods of data collection identified earlier were employed to gather
data on the consumer perception on adulteration in food items. The data accrued,
especially from the interviews and questionnaires circulated, are tabulated and
depicted on graphs in the following pages. The data thus gathered and tabulated is
analyzed. The data is then scrutinized and relevant interpretations are drawn.
The major objectives of analysis of data are:
1. To evaluate and enhance data quality,
2. Examine effects of other relevant factors,
The data collection plan, including procedures, instruments, and forms, was
designed and pre-tested to maximize accuracy. All data collection activities were
monitored to ensure adherence to the data collection protocol and to prompt
actions to minimize and resolve missing and questionable data. Monitoring
procedures were instituted at the outset and maintained throughout the study, since
the faster irregularities can be detected; the greater the likelihood that they can be
resolved in a satisfactory manner and the sooner preventive measures can be
instituted.
12. 11
QUESTIONNAIRE
1) Do you think INDIA will become a Corruption free country in Modi Govt.?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
.
INTERPRETATION- In that present scenario I have found that there is mix
opinion among the people towards a corruption free India in Modi govt. 48% of
people think that that India can become a corruption free country in Modi govt. But
28% people think that Modi could not remove corruption from the country. 24%
people not gave there clear opinion. Either they don’t want to clarify or they are
doubtful.
YES, 48
NO, 28
CAN'T SAY,
24
Option Respondent Percentage
A 48 48
B 28 28
C 24 24
13. 12
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that INDIA will become a Corruption free
country in Modi Govt.
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 49 33.33 15.67 245.55 7.37
NO 28 33.33 -5.33 28.41 0.85
CAN’T
SAY
24 33.33 -9.33 87.05 2.61
TOTAL 100 100 10.83
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 10.83
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
14. 13
2) Who is responsible for Corruption?
a)Government b)Public c)System d)All
INTERPRETATION- In present scenario I have found that everyone I corrupted
in our country. But the question is who is more corrupted? In my research there are
3% people said that particularly Government is corrupted. 18% of people said that
Public is corrupted. 17% of people said that said that System is Corrupted. 62% of
people think that every one of the country is corrupted.
Government, 3
Public, 18
System, 17
All, 62
Option Respondent Percentage
A 3 3
B 18 18
C 17 17
D 62 62
15. 14
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that Responsibility for Corruption is
independent
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/4=25 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
Yes 3 25 -22 484 19.36
No 18 25 -7 49 1.96
Can’t say 17 25 -8 64 2.56
May be 62 25 37 1369 54.79
TOTAL 100 100 78.64
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 4-1=3 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 78.64
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
16. 15
3) Do you think Jan Lokpal Bill is itself capable to control Corruption?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
INTERPRETATION:- In this question I want to do a study on Jan Lokpal Bill,
whether it capable to protect our country from corruption. 21% people said that yes
it is capable enough to control corruption. But 52% think this bill will be failed to
control corruption. Ether they think this bill itself corrupted or it not so much
stronger to control corruption. 27% people didn’t give their opinion..
Yes, 21
No, 52
Can't Say,
27
Option Respondent Percentage
A 21 21
B 52 52
C 27 27
17. 16
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed Jan Lokpal Bill is itself capable to control
Corruption .
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 21 33.33 -12.33 152.03 4.56
NO 52 33.33 18.67 348.57 10.46
CAN’T
SAY
27 33.33 -6.33 40.07 1.20
TOTAL 100 100 16.22
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 16.22
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
18. 17
4) Do you think Corruption can bring prosperity?
a)Yes b) No c) Don’t know
Option Respondent Percentage
A 24 24
B 55 55
C 21 21
INTERPRETATION- Here 24% said that corruption can bring prosperity. But
55% people think that corruption can’t bring prosperity. But 21% said that they
don’t about that or maybe they don’t want to give their opinion..
Yes, 24
NO, 55
Don't
Know, 21
19. 18
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that Corruption can bring prosperity..
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 24 33.33 -9.33 87.05 2.61
NO 55 33.33 21.67 469.58 14.09
CAN’T
SAY
21 33.33 -12.33 152.03 4.56
TOTAL 100 100 21.26
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 21.26
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
20. 19
5) Does Corruption adversely affect economic growth in downsizing?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t Say
INTERPRETATION- As we know that corruption effects the economic growth of
a country, my research data also suggest that. I found that 84% people said that yes
corruption can effects the economic growth of a country. But 10% people said no,
corruption doesn’t effects economic growth of a country. 6% people didn’t give
their opinion.
YES, 84
NO,
10
CAN'T SAY, 6
Option Respondent Percentage
A 84 84
B 10 10
C 06 06
21. 20
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that Corruption adversely affect economic
growth in downsizing..
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 84 33.33 50.67 2567.44 77.03
NO 10 33.33 -23.33 544.29 16.33
CAN’T
SAY
06 33.33 -27.33 746.93 22.41
TOTAL 100 100 115.77
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 115.77
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
22. 21
6) E-governance can reduce Corruption from INDIA.
a) Agree b) Disagree c)Can’t say
Option Respondent Percentage
A 65 65
B 16 16
C 19 19
INTERPRETATION- After this research I found that 65% people are with the
support of e-governance. But 16% people are disagreeing with the e-governance
system. 19% can’t say about that. Because either they are not aware with that or
may they think it should failed in future..
Agree, 65
Disagree
, 16
Can't
say, 19
23. 22
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that E-governance can reduce Corruption from
INDIA.
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
AGREE 65 33.33 31.67 1003 30.12
DISAGREE 16 33.33 -17.33 300.328 9.01
CAN’T
SAY
19 33.33 -14.33 205.35 6.16
TOTAL 100 100 45.29
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 45.29
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
24. 23
7) Modi is an honest PM.
a)Yes b) No c) Can’t say
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 70% people
of Greater Noida, Noida thinks that Modi in an honest PM of India. But there are
also 13% people who think that Modi is not an honest PM of India. There are 17%
people who didn’t give their opinion may for it’s a political issue.
Yes, 70
No, 13
Can't say, 17
Option Respondent Percentage
A 70 70
B 13 13
C 17 17
25. 24
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that MODI is an honest PM.
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 70 33.33 36.67 1334.69 40.35
NO 13 33.33 -20.33 413.31 12.40
CAN’T
SAY
17 33.33 -16.33 266.67 8
TOTAL 100 100 60.75
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 60.75
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
26. 25
8) The central Govt. should bring a strict law to reduce Corruption.
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 91% people
of Greater Noida, Noida thinks that strict law should be create to control corruption
in INDIA . But there are also 3% people don’t think that it should me made. There
are 6% people who didn’t give their opinion may for it’s a political issue.
CHI SQUARE TEST
Yes, 91
No, 3
Can't say, 6
Option Respondent Percentage
A 91 91
B 03 03
C 06 06
27. 26
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that Govt. should bring a strict law to reduce
Corruption.
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 91 33.33 57.67 3325.83 99.48
NO 03 33.33 -30.33 919.91 27.60
CAN’T
SAY
06 33.33 -27.33 746.93 22.41
TOTAL 100 100 149.49
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 149.49
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
9) Is there any Corruption in Police?
a) Yes b) No c) Don’t Know
28. 27
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 95% people of
Greater Noida, Noida thinks that police system of India is very much corrupted.
But there is just 1% people who think that police are not corrupted. There are 4%
people who didn’t give their opinion may be for it’s a political issue or they
involve with this system.
YES, 95
NO, 1 DON'T KNOW, 4
Option Respondent Percentage
A 95 95
B 01 01
C 04 04
29. 28
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that there is no Corruption in Police..
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 95 33.33 61.67 3803.19 114.11
NO 01 33.33 -32.33 1045.23 31.36
CAN’T
SAY
04 33.33 -29.33 860.25 25.81
TOTAL 100 100 171.28
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 171.28
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
30. 29
10) Do you think Corruption in Defense is maximum?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
Option Respondent Percentage
A 22 22
B 48 48
C 30 30
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 22% people
of Greater Noida, Noida thinks that Indian defense is corrupted. But there are 48%
people who think that Indian defense is not corrupted. There are 30% people who
didn’t give their opinion may be for it’s a legal issue or they involve with Indian
defense.
Yes, 22
No, 48
Can't say, 30
31. 30
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that Corruption adversely affect economic
growth in downsizing..
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 22 33.33 -11.33 128.37 3.85
NO 48 33.33 14.67 215.21 6.46
CAN’T
SAY
30 33.33 -3.33 11.09 0.33
TOTAL 100 100 10.64
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 10.64
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
32. 31
11) Is there any Corruption in Judiciary System of INDIA?
a) Yes b) No c) Don’t Know
Option Respondent Percentage
A 75 75
B 02 02
C 23 23
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 75% people
of Greater Noida, Noida thinks that the judiciary system of India is very much
corrupted. But there are just 2% people who think that judiciary system is not
corrupted. There are 23% people who didn’t give their opinion may be for it’s a
legal issue or they involve with this system.
Yes, 75
No, 2
Can't say, 23
33. 32
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that there is no Corruption in Judiciary System
of INDIA
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 75 33.33 41.67 1736.39 52.10
NO 02 33.33 -31.33 981.57 29.45
CAN’T
SAY
23 33.33 -10.33 106.71 3.20
TOTAL 100 100 84.75
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 84.75
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
34. 33
12) Are public servant like IPS/IAS/PCs are Corrupted?
A. Yes B. No C. Can’t say
Ans.
Option Respondent Percentage
A 70 70
B 07 07
C 23 23
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 70% people
of Greater Noida, Noida thinks that the IAS/IPS/PCs of India are very much
corrupted. But there are just 7% people who think that judiciary system is not
corrupted. There are 23% people who didn’t give their opinion may be for it’s a
legal issue or they involve with this system.
Yes, 70
No, 7
Can't say, 23
35. 34
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that public servant like IPS/IAS/PCs are
Corrupted..
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 70 33.33 36.67 1344.69 40.35
NO 07 33.33 -26.33 693.27 20.80
CAN’T
SAY
23 33.33 -10.33 106.71 3.20
TOTAL 100 100 64.35
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 64.35
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
36. 35
13) Do you believe that Corruption lies from bottom to top level?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
Option Respondent Percentage
A 82 82
B 09 09
C 09 09
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 82% people
of Greater Noida, Noida thinks that corruption lies from bottom to top level. But
there are just 9% people who think that corruption doesn’t lies from bottom to top
level. There are 9% people who didn’t give their opinion may be for it’s a legal
issue or they involve with this system.
Yes, 82
No, 9
Can't say, 9
37. 36
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that Corruption lies from bottom to top level.
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 82 33.33 48.67 2368.77 71.07
NO 09 33.33 -24.33 591.95 17.16
CAN’T
SAY
09 33.33 -24.33 591.95 17.16
TOTAL 100 100 106.59
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 106.59
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
38. 37
14) Is there any Corruption in Media?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
Option Respondent Percentage
A 80 80
B 07 07
C 13 13
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 80% people
of Greater Noida, Noida thinks that the Media is very much corrupted. But there
are just 7% people who think that Media is not corrupted. There are 13% people
who didn’t give their opinion may be for it’s a legal issue or they involve with this.
yes, 80
No, 7
can'say, 13
39. 38
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that there is no Corruption in Media.
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 80 33.33 46.67 2178.09 65.35
NO 07 33.33 -26.33 693.27 20.80
CAN’T
SAY
13 33.33 -20.33 413.31 12.40
TOTAL 100 100 98.41
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 98.41
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
40. 39
15) Do you think Corruption is a World Wide problem?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
Option Respondent Percentage
A 71 71
B 16 16
C 13 13
INTERPRETATION- After the research project I come to know that 71% people
of Greater Noida, Noida believes that corruption is a World Wide problem. But
there are 16% people who don’t think that corruption is a World Wide problem.
There are 13% people who didn’t give their opinion may be for they don’t have
enough knowledge for the world.
Yes, 71
No, 16
Can't
say, 13
41. 40
CHI SQUARE TEST
Null Hypothesis (Ho) it is assumed that Corruption is a World Wide problem..
Expected frequency (E)/ (Fe)
E= 100/3= 33.33 for each options
Options Original
value(O)
Expected
value(E)
(O-E) (O-E)2
(O-E)2
/E
YES 71 33.33 37.67 1419.03 42.57
NO 16 33.33 -17.33 300.328 9.01
CAN’T
SAY
13 33.33 -20.33 413.31 12.40
TOTAL 100 100 63.98
Degree of Freedom=N-1= 3-1=2 at 5% level of significance, the tabulated value of
5.99.
Here calculated value X2
= 63.98
As, Tabulated Value < Calculated Value
So, Null Hypothesis is rejected.
42. 41
OBSERVATION TABLE
Chi Square Test
Since the Chi- Square test is a one of the simplest and most widely used non
parametrical tests in statistical work. It describes the magnitude of discrepancy
between theory and observation that is with the help of chi- square test we can
know whether a given discrepancy between theory and observation can be
attributed to changes or whether it results from the inadequacy of the theory to fit
the observed facts.
One of the most frequent uses of chi-square is for testing the null
hypothesis that two criteria of classification are independent. They are independent
if the distribution of one criteria is in no way depends on the distribution of other
criteria. If they are not independent, there is an association between two criteria. In
the test of independence the population and sample are classified according to
some attributes. The test will indicate only whether or not any dependency
relationship exists between the attributes. It will not indicate the degree of
association or the direction of independency.
The chi square test is one of the simplest and most widely used non – parametric
tests in statistical work. It makes no assumption about the population being
sampled. The quantity X2
describes the magnitude of disperancy between the
Theory and observation. If X2
=0, this means that observed and expected
frequencies coincide. Greater the value of X2,
the greater would be the discrepancy
between observed and expected frequency. The formula for computing X2
is
∑ (O - E) 2
/ E.
43. 42
Findings of the study
48% of people think that that India can become a corruption free country in
Modi govt.
62% of people think that every one of the country is corrupted.
52% think this bill will be failed to control corruption.
55% people think that corruption can’t bring prosperity.
84% people said that yes corruption can effects the economic growth of a
country.
65% people are with the support of e-governance.
70% people thinks that Modi in an honest PM of India.
91% people thinks that strict law should be create to control corruption in
INDIA.
95% people think that police system of India is very much corrupted.
48% people think that Indian Defense is not corrupted.
75% people think that the judiciary system of India is very much corrupted.
70% people think that the IAS/IPS/PCs of India are very much corrupted.
82% people think that corruption lies from bottom to top level.
80% people think that the Media is very much corrupted.
71% people believe that corruption is a World Wide problem.
44. 43
LIMITATION
In every research there are some limitations and this research project is
no exception.
LIMITATION ON THE PART OF THE RESPONDENTS:
1. Some respondents were not interested in filling the forms.
2. Some of them are not cooperative.
3. Hospitals employees specially try to avoid filling the form.
4. People of rich class are tried to avoid the questionnaire.
LIMITATION OF TIME:
Time availability was one of the biggest limitations face. Due to
shortage of time we had to limit the work in its present form
LIMITATION OF COST:
Money was also one of the major constraints while conducting this
research.
OTHER LIMITATIONS:
1. Since we didn’t have any previous research work, so it may
have led to discrepancies in the report.
2. As area was wide we have to travel a lot.
3. The distance and transportation were faced by us.
45. 44
Suggestions
After doing marketing research project, We found that
1. Get the research question right. Know what you really want to
know and how you will use the information in decision support.
2. Select and sample the right population
3. Develop questionnaires with a logical flow
4. Use question formats that are easy for respondents to manage
46. 45
Bibliography
Books
Jr., W. Boyd Harper, Marketing Research( Text And Cases),all India traveler book seller,
7th
edition (Page 264-302)
Malhotra K. Naresh, Marketing Research (An applied Orientation), Research design,
(Prentice hall of India Pvt. 5th
edition, Page 187-190).
Kotler,Philip, marketing management(Pearson publication 13th
edition, page 100 – 120)
Webpages
http://www.transparencyindia.org/
http://www.transparency.org/
http//www.google.com/
http//www.wikipedia.com/
47. 46
Annexure
“PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON CORRUPTION”
Kindly extend your co-operation in filling up this Questionnaire and enable to
conduct the research successfully.
Personal Information
Name:- Occupation:-
Mobile No:- Gender:- M / F
Address:- Age: -
QUESTIONNAIRE
1) Do you think INDIA will become a Corruption free country in Modi
Govt.?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
2) Who is responsible for Corruption?
a)Government b)Public c)System d)All
3) Do you think Jan Lokpal Bill is itself capable to control Corruption?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
4) Do you think Corruption can bring prosperity?
a)Yes b) No c) Don’t know
5) Does Corruption adversely affect economic growth in downsizing?
a) Yes b) No c)
6) E-governance can reduce Corruption from INDIA?
a) Agree b) Disagree c)Can’t say
7) Modi is an honest PM.
a)Yes b) No c) Can’t say
8) The central Govt. should bring a strict law to reduce Corruption.
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
9) Is there any Corruption in Police?
a) Yes b) No c) Don’t Know
10) Do you think Corruption in Defense is maximum?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
11) Is there any Corruption in Judiciary System of INDIA?
a) Yes b) No c) Don’t Know
12) Are public servant like IPS/IAS/PCs are Corrupted?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
13) Do you believe that Corruption lies from bottom to top level?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
14) Is there any Corruption in Media?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
15) Do you think Corruption is a World Wide problem?
a) Yes b) No c) Can’t say
48. 47
CONCLUSION
In New Delhi, Noida, Gr. Noida Region,
This research is actually not a marketing
research. The research is based on the conception and perception of people about
Herbal products. We faced various limitations in conducting research that is
“PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON CORRUPTION”. We have tried our level best to
find out their views regarding Effect of reservation system. We had a great
experience while conducting the research because we met many corporate people
as well as School College going in various fields and collecting their views
regarding the research. We visited places like, NOIDA, GREATER NOIDA.
Analytical tools of research are deficient and can’t give us precise idea,
especially on the behavioral, as aspect. We had completed our research project in
which there are many helping hands involved. In spite of few limitation we found
that the research is a challenging and fruitful.
We had completed our research project in which there are many helping
hands involved. Specially my faculty Mrs. Reeta mam who guided me in every
aspect of my project completion. In spite of that this marketing research was quite
challenging & tough.