A 2-year-old boy presented with fever, vomiting, and lethargy. He was drowsy, tachycardic, hypotensive, and had a rash. Fluid resuscitation and antibiotics were given. USCOM monitoring showed an initially low cardiac index and high systemic vascular resistance, but improving hemodynamics over time with treatment.
Non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring guides resuscitation in pediatric meningococcemia
1. Meningococcemia - Pediatric
History
2 y/o boy. Taken to Pediatrician with history of sudden onset of fever, vomiting
and lethargy for 4 hours.
Referred to walk-in clinic at hospital.
Presentation
Drowsy and pale, dark rings around eyes
Temperature 38.7o C
CVS: HR 180 bpm,
BP 70/26 mmHg
Cool peripheries, capillary refill time 5 sec
RS: RR 54 ipm, dyspnea, cyanosis
SaO2 100% in oxygen
NS: GCS 10 then 9, no neck stiffness
Fine blanching rash on abdomen/chest. Petechial spot on the face.
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2. Meningococcemia - Pediatric
Distance blood cell travels / minute
Treatment
Parameter Base Age wise Fluid bolus 40 ml/kg
Measure norms Epinephrine 0.15 mcg/kg/min
MD (m/min) 12 18-30
Hypodynamic
SVI (ml/m2) 30 40-55
SV (ml/kg) 1.2 1.5-2.4
SVV (%) 45 <15 Hypovolemia /
FTc (ms) 278 300-375 Fluid responsive
HR 180 85-115
SVRI (d.s.cm/m2) 1120 1000-1600 Normal Systemic
SVR (d.s.cm) 1889 1500-2000 Vascular Resistance
CI (l/min/m2) 2.8 3.5-5.0
CO (l/min) 2.0 2.5-4.0
Low Cardiac Index
Vpk (ms) 0.8 1.1-1.6
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3. Meningococcemia - Pediatric
60 minutes
Sedated, mechanical ventilation
Afebrile
CVS: HR 180 - 150 bpm,
BP 70/26 - 90/30 mmHg
Capillary refill time 5 - 3 sec
Acidosis improved
SaO2 100% in oxygen
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4. Meningococcemia - Pediatric
Treatment
Parameter Base 60mins Age wise Fluid bolus 20 ml/kg
norms Norepinephrine 0.1 mcg/kg/min
MD (m/min) 12 21 18-30
Normodynamic
SVI (ml/m2) 30 50 40-55
SV (ml/kg) 1.2 20 1.5-2.4
SVV (%) 45 38 <15 Hypovolemia /
FTc (ms) 278 312 300-375 Fluid responsive
HR 180 150 85-115
SVRI (d.s.cm/m2) 1120 690 1000-1600 Low Systemic
SVR (d.s.cm) 1889 899 1500-2000 Vascular Resistance
CI (l/min/m2) 2.8 3.8 3.5-5.0
CO (l/min) 2.0 2.6 2.5-4.0 Adequate
Vpk (ms) 0.8 1.3 1.1-1.6 Cardiac Index
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5. Meningococcemia - Pediatric
Sedated, mechanical ventilation
Afebrile
CVS: HR 150 - 115 bpm,
BP 90/30 - 100/48 mmHg
Capillary refill time 3 - < 2 sec
No acidosis
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7. Meningococcemia - Pediatric
Summary
Paracetamol and appropriate antibiotics for meningococcemia were given
within the first hour. Hemodynamics monitored as appropriate treatment
administered.
Conclusion
USCOM gave guidance during the resuscitation, in a very rapid way, without
any invasive procedure.
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Notas do Editor
Low MD - 12 (Typical 18-30) = Hypodynamic circulationLow SVI & High SVV = probably HypovolemiaNormal SVRI – 1120 (Typical 1000-1600)Low CI – 2.8 (Typical 3.5-5.0)Low Vpk – 0.8 (Typical 1.1-1.6)Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is used as a drug to treat cardiac arrest and other cardiac dysrhythmias resulting in diminished or absent cardiac output. Its actions are to increase peripheral resistance via α1receptor-dependent vasoconstriction and to increase cardiac output via its binding to β1 receptors.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine
Normal MD - 21 (Typical 18-30) =Normodynamic circulationNormal SVI 50 & Normal-Low FTc 312 = probably mild HypovolemiaLowSVRI – 690 (Typical 1000-1600) = Relative HypovolemiaNormal CI – 3.8 (Typical 3.5-5.0)Normal Vpk – 1.3 (Typical 1.1-1.6)
Normal MD - 32 (Typical 18-30) =Normodynamic circulationNormal SVI 58, CI 4.6 & FTc 310 = Relative HypovolemiaLowSVRI – 897 (Typical 1000-1600) = HypovolemiaNormal Vpk – 1.5 (Typical 1.1-1.6)