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© Allen & Overy 2016
The impact of Brexit on trade, tariffs,
and taxes
Charles Yorke, François Renard, Sarah Garvey
Tuesday, 25 October 2016
Brexit Webinar Series
Presented in partnership with
the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
© Allen & Overy 2016 22
Brexit webinar series 2016 – Programme Agenda
1
Brexit: Understanding the context and consequences of the UK
referendum vote
Tuesday, 18
October 2016
2 Trade, tariffs, and taxes
Tuesday, 25
October 2016
3 Employment, data protection, and data transfers
Tuesday, 1
November 2016
4 Antitrust, intellectual property, and environmental regulations
Tuesday, 8
November 2016
5 Commercial contracts
Tuesday, 15
November 2016
6 Securing the best legal framework for your businesses
Thursday, 17
November 2016
© Allen & Overy 2016 33
Timeline to Brexit – Article 50
2 years
Article 50 gives 2 year
period for negotiating
terms of withdrawal
– “terms of the divorce”
– Possible transitional
arrangements, but not
detailed terms for
future trade
– Qualified majority of
Council and consent
of European
Parliament required
At end of 2 years (March
2019?) there are three
options:
– Negotiation period
extended (unanimity
of Council required)
– Withdrawal
agreement concluded
– UK leaves EU without
agreement
Service of Article 50
notice starts process
– March 2017?
– Parliamentary
approval required?
© Allen & Overy 2016 44
Article 50
1) Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own
constitutional requirements
2) A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the European Council of its intention. In the
light of the guidelines provided by the European Council, the Union shall negotiate and conclude
an agreement with that State, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account
of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. That agreement shall be negotiated in
accordance with Article 218(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It shall be
concluded on behalf of the Union by the Council, acting by a qualified majority, after obtaining the
consent of the European Parliament
3) The Treaties shall cease to apply to the State in question from the date of entry into force of the
withdrawal agreement or, failing that, two years after the notification referred to in paragraph 2,
unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides
to extend this period
4) For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 3, the member of the European Council or of the Council
representing the withdrawing Member State shall not participate in the discussions of the European
Council or Council or in decisions concerning it
A qualified majority shall be defined in accordance with Article 238(3)(b) of the Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union
5) If a State which has withdrawn from the Union asks to rejoin, its request shall be subject to the
procedure referred to in Article 49
© Allen & Overy 2016 55
Trade
© Allen & Overy 2016 66
Timeline to Brexit, and beyond
March 2017
– Article 50 process
March 2019: BREXIT
– Full WTO status (hopefully)
2 year period
– “Temporary” or no
agreement concluded
with the EU
– WTO renegotiation on
some aspects
7-8 years (?)
– Negotiation of FTA with the EU (?)
March 2027
– Independent negotiations
Indefinite
– Negotiation of FTA with
other WTO members (?)
© Allen & Overy 2016 77
Trade means trade … and everything else
International trade agreements
• impact international trade
• domestic rules and measures
both “as such” (i.e., the rules that will be adopted) and “as applied” (i.e., how those
rules will be applied)
Bottom-Up analysis of Brexit:
See A&O topic talks
Goal: identify and assess
possible changes to your legal
and economic positions
Per subject
(IPRs, competition, tax,
passporting, etc)
Top-Down analysis of Brexit:
Our trade talk of today
Goal: influence the decision-
making process leading to
these changes
Holistic assessment
of Brexit impact
© Allen & Overy 2016 88
Few options, all easy to understand…
The UK has three options, not more (Art. XXIV, GATT 47):
Set up a Customs Union (CU)
with another WTO member
(including negotiating a
temporary agreement)
Enter into a Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) with
another WTO member
(including negotiating a
temporary agreement)
The fall-back
position – being a
WTO member
The WTO defines FTAs/CUs by reference to (customs) duties and restrictive regulations of commerce between
RTA Members and with third-party countries:
Eliminate internal duties and
restrictive regulations of
commerce with respect to
substantially all the trade between
RTA Members
No Yes Yes
Apply substantially the same
external duties and regulations of
commerce on imports from third
countries
No No Yes
© Allen & Overy 2016 99
… but there is an infinite number of possible outcomes
WTO FTA CU
Abolish tariffs and import quotas among members -  
Establish common external tariffs and quotas - - 
Allow free movement of goods, services and workers -
Negotiable
(e.g.,
EEA)
Negotiable
(e.g., Single
Market;
Harmonize competition, structural, fiscal, monetary and social policies -
Unify economic policies and establish supra-national institutions -
Customs “duties” are easy to identify, but can vary extensively
“Restrictive regulations of commerce” can include hundreds of regulations
And nothing prevents trading partners from combining these trade-related regulations
with other non-trade-focused regulation (depending on their respective bargaining power)
Based on progressive levels of integration proposed by Rolf Mirus and Nataliya Rylska (Alberta International and Intergovernmental Relations)
© Allen & Overy 2016 1010
The Brexit options
While aiming at the same result, the positions from companies and political leaders
seem at odds:
What UK leaders seem willing
to negotiate
What Companies want
Access out of the UK to the EU
single goods market, without
duties and complex rules of
origin
Yes Yes
Access out of the UK to the EU
single service market, with
passporting and recognition
Yes Yes
Meaning…
A sovereign-compliant FTA,
at best
The most advanced
CU
– What history tells us: a FTA is the most likely option (only 6% of the trade
agreements are Customs Unions)
– So the question for companies: how to manage cost & regulatory changes?
© Allen & Overy 2016 1111
Options available for the UK
(1) : excluding some products (fish, agricultural, food)
(2) : including one common trade policy, but also a stronger negotiation power with trading partners, no complex Rule of Origin, no “intra” trade remedy actions
(3) : applying EU Schedules at WTO, but substantial hurdle: will need to renegotiate agricultural (quantitative) Schedules
Models Internal
Duties
Common
External
Duties with
the EU (2)
Cross-border
services
allowed
Free
movement of
people Intra-
Members
Need to
respect/
apply EU
laws
Financial
contribution
Participation in
EU decision
making process
EU No Yes Yes Yes Yes Extensive Yes
Norwegian
(EEA)
No(1) No
(RoO avoided)
Yes Yes Yes Extensive Consultation
Swiss No No
Quite
Limited
Yes
Yes when
relevant
Partial Consultation
Turkish No(1)
Yes
(but trade remedy
actions possible)
Very
Limited
Limited Yes No No
Canadian No(1) No
Very
Limited
No Limited No No
WTO High No
Very
Limited
No No No NA
UK
wish list
No No (3) Yes No No No NA
Why none of the existing models can satisfy the UK? A simple (istic) explanation
Acceptable Possible Unacceptable
Economic benefits Political Quid Pro Quo
“No go”
© Allen & Overy 2016 1212
Possible Options for pro-trade Companies
After the Art-50 2-year Period
Long Term (normally
no more than 10
years)
Revised
EEA/
Norwegian
model
Option 1: “An interim [EEA modelled] agreement leading to the formation of [the
UK/EUFTA]” – Art. XXIV)
– Economically acceptable (although no more protection against “dumped”
/”subsidised” imports), but possibly not acceptable for other WTO members (not
to raise barrier – see DS 34 Turkey-Textile), e.g.,
– how to assess “UK origin”?
– how to allocate agricultural products?
– Politically difficult for
– the UK (“back to square one”)
– the EU (encouragement to other potential leavers)
– Norway (power sharing with the EFTA countries)
– Solutions: offering concessions to WTO Members, accepting this Option
because it is a temporary solution
Option 2
(politically untenable?)
WTO model Option 2:
– Should not raise any legal issue (willingness of other WTO members), if the UK
applies the EU schedules, plus unilaterally decides to apply no duties (HK
model) – query: is it acceptable to UK-based companies/ UK Treasury?
– BUT WTO quantitative schedules would need to be negotiated; and substantial
uncertainty on Services
Option 3
(commercially too
weak?)
FTA
(UK Model)
No time to negotiate it Option 1
Will the UK need and be able to negotiate its own separate FTAs with other partners in the Art 50
2-year period (e.g. with South Korea)?
© Allen & Overy 2016 1313
Priorities for Companies
– Mutual recognitions rules – “Technical Barriers to Trade” measures
– Private Data, employment rules – “Sanitary or Phytosanitary” measures
– Tax, VAT, competition rules – Trade defence (antidumping) measures
– Rules of Origin rules – Other EU FTAs/bilateral agreements
– Customs clearance processes – Etc
– Assess impact of Brexit on your UK-EU/other countries trade business
– Regroup yourself by sector (together with pro-trade local companies)
– Team effort (economists, political, lobbyists, legal: understand BOTH side’s rules)
– You and your team must defend your position to:
– the UK
– the European Union
– Norway
– Others?
– Secure support of your government (USTR)
– Convince the UK and the EU to be pragmatic, not populist
– Obtain compensation for the transitional period
– Do not focus on trade tariffs only – many other matters are at stake, which require
a clear understanding of the EU rules. Based on a counterfactual analysis (“what
if”), assess the impact of a change/termination in:
© Allen & Overy 2016 1414
Tax
© Allen & Overy 2016 1515
How does the EU affect tax?
– Common system of VAT
– Harmonisation measures to support the fundamental
freedoms (in particularly freedom of movement of capital)
– Challenge to domestic rules if they infringe freedoms
– State aid
– “Mission creep”?
– Financial transactions tax
– Common [Consolidated] Corporate Tax Base
© Allen & Overy 2016 1616
VAT – The current position
– EU framework in the Principal VAT Directive
– National implementation
– National differences still exist
– Applied and calculated on a national level
– Basic principles
– Supplier charges VAT on supplies made by it (outputs)
– Supplier recovers VAT on supplies made to it (inputs)
– Pays/recovers net difference to/from tax authority
– Intra-EU supplies treated differently from supplies to third countries
– BUT overall effect for importer/exporter is mostly the same
– Biggest area of difference is where the supplier is partially exempt–
supplies to third countries may improve its VAT recovery position
© Allen & Overy 2016 1717
VAT example – supplies of goods
UKCo
Non-EU Non-EU
UK UK
EU EU
10
10 + VAT
10 20
20 + VAT
20
Inputs
From non- EU Import VAT 2
UK pay VAT 2
EU Acquisition VAT 2
Outputs
To non-EU no VAT 0
UK charge VAT 4
EU Acquisition VAT [4]
Recovery?
Inputs Outputs
© Allen & Overy 2016 1818
VAT – Position post-Brexit
Detailed review is required to
work out implications of EU
being “third countries” for the
UK and vice versa
UK government would be
free to scrap VAT
– BUT – important revenue
raiser, efficient collection
mechanism
– More likely to make
detailed changes eg to
rates/classification of
supplies in politically
sensitive areas
VAT legislation is already
part of UK law – will stay in
place unless changed
© Allen & Overy 2016 1919
VAT – UK as “third country”
– For most supply chains, no significant overall tax impact
– Import VAT generally recoverable unless onward supplies
are exempt
– Exports to third countries are generally zero-rated
– B2C supplies may be treated differently
– Possible cashflow impact
– Import VAT from non-EU member states payable on
import unless deferment arrangements agreed/use
customs warehouse
– Acquisition VAT from EU member states payable through
normal VAT return process
– Biggest issue likely to be compliance and unavailability of
certain simplification measures
© Allen & Overy 2016 2020
EU tax harmonisation measures
Capital duties directive
– Opportunity for UK to reintroduce stamp duty on issues of shares into clearing
systems/depositaries?
Parent-subsidiary directive
– Permits certain dividend payments without withholding tax
– Largely covered by UK’s treaty network, but some significant exceptions
Interest and royalties directive
– Permits certain interest and royalty payments without withholding tax
– Largely covered by UK’s treaty network, but some significant exceptions
Mutual assistance directive
© Allen & Overy 2016 2121
Where would this leave the UK as a holding company
jurisdiction?
Main advantages of the UK as a holding company jurisdiction remain
Some European dividends may attract withholding tax
UK has better treaty provision with the US than other typical holding company jurisdictions
Issue Treatment
Receipt of dividends Usually exempt
Payment of dividends No withholding tax
Capital gains on disposals Broad exemption for share sales of
trading companies
CFC rules Limited
Corporation tax rate 20% reducing to 17%
Interest deductibility Generous
Treaty network Very large
© Allen & Overy 2016 2222
State aid and other EU mission creep
‒ Aim to reduce tax
competition between
member states (except
rates)
‒ Appeal to public opinion
over heads of member
states
‒ Using other avenues
(eg state aid,
enhanced co-
operation procedure)
to bypass unanimity
‒ Increased
Commission
activism
Tax matters need
unanimity
© Allen & Overy 2016 2323
EU Commission approach
State Aid decision in Fiat case
“the arm’s length principle that the Commission applies in its State aid
assessment is not that derived from Article 9 of the OECD Model Tax
Convention … but is a general principle of equal treatment in taxation falling
within the application of Article 107(1) of the TFEU, which binds the Member
States”
Pierre Moscovici (EU Commissioner)
There are three political factors in play today which allow us to move forward, despite
unanimity. First, there is political space to create a European fiscal area … Second, there is
political will to secure stable tax revenues for Member States… Finally, there is public
pressure to ensure genuinely fair taxation and to put an end to tax fraud and evasion. The
combination of all of these factors provides us with a unique opportunity. We have to seize it!
We have to start a revolution of transparency, but also of one of efficiency, competitiveness,
justice – just as Europeans expect. This is the challenge that I have signed up to and we are
now poised to win on several key proposals. At the European Parliament hearing, which I
attended today with President Juncker, we gave a clear signal that this Commission is
determined to ensure that our tax projects succeed.
© Allen & Overy 2016 2424
US Treasury response – White Paper August 2016
3 concerns:
1) “The Commission has advanced several previously unarticulated theories
as to why its Member States’ generally available tax rulings may constitute
impermissible State aid in particular cases. Such a change in course, which
has required the Commission to second-guess Member State income tax
determinations, was an unforeseeable departure from the status quo”
2) Retroactive effect
3) Contrary to international norms
The U.S. Treasury Department continues to consider potential responses should the
Commission continue its present course. A strongly preferred and mutually beneficial
outcome would be a return to the system and practice of international tax cooperation that
has long fostered cross-border investment between the United States and EU Member
States. The U.S. Treasury Department remains ready and willing to continue to
collaborate with the Commission on the important work of ensuring that the international
tax system is fair, efficient, and predictable.
© Allen & Overy 2016 2525
Direction of UK corporation tax policy
Rates low and getting lower – might they go further?
HMRC generally helpful to inward investors – accessible and
(broadly) sensible
UK is “open for business”
But… structuring to reduce taxes further is being closed down
Early adopters of BEPS proposals to counter
– Hybrid debt
– Excessive interest deductions
– Avoidance of UK taxable presence
© Allen & Overy 2016 2626
What can you do?
Identify areas of supply chain that are likely to be affected
Contingency plan for worst case outcome
Lobby in the UK and the EU-27 for a rational outcome
© Allen & Overy 2016 2727
What lies ahead?
Interview with Jonathan Hill – UK’s former EU Commissioner
It’s important that we work at building as
many relationships – whether that’s in
business or in politics – as we possibly
can. This process will be hard enough
without misunderstanding and
mistranslation
We do have, because of the nature of British politics, a
much more transactional, rational, economic based
approach to life. And people here, I think, forget that for
the Europeans their project is an emotional project, it’s a
political project, that actually it’s quite a romantic project.
So if we think in the UK that ultimately economic
rationalism will win out in terms of the negotiation, that
is to misread how the Europeans will approach this
negotiation.
If we approach it in a sensible way, because the European system is a deal based system, there
is more scope for resolving it intelligently than if we go at it in a way where we all end up
shouting at each other. And I think we have this false choice in the UK between “hard Brexit”
and “soft Brexit”. I think the choice is between “stupid Brexit” and “more intelligent Brexit”
and that is what we need to go for.
© Allen & Overy 2016 2828
Brexit webinar series 2016 – Programme Agenda
1
Brexit: Understanding the context and consequences of the UK
referendum vote
Tuesday, 18 October 2016
2
Trade, tariffs, and taxes
Tuesday, 25 October 2016
3
Employment, data protection, and data transfers
Tuesday, 1 November 2016
4
Antitrust, intellectual property, and environmental regulations
Tuesday, 8 November 2016
5
Commercial contracts
Tuesday, 15 November 2016
6
Securing the best legal framework for your businesses
Thursday, 17 November 2016
© Allen & Overy 2016 2929
Contacts
Charles Yorke
Partner
Taxation – London
Tel +44 (0)20 3088 4925
charles.york@allenovery.com
Charles is a partner in Allen & Overy’s London tax group. Charles has a broad practice, including
mergers and acquisitions, capital markets transactions, derivatives, securitisations, group
reorganisations and project finance.
© Allen & Overy 2016 3030
Contacts
Francois Renard
Registered Foreign Lawyer
Corporate – Hong Kong
Tel +86 138 1013 6350
francois.renard@allenovery.com
François has been located in Beijing and Hong Kong since November 2008. Prior to joining Allen
& Overy, François was based in Brussels and Paris, and has almost 20 years’ experience advising
on antitrust and trade law.
François has assisted companies throughout the world in anti-dumping and trade sanctions
proceedings, as well as in various international trade matters, including WTO-related matters. He
has represented in this field from various jurisdictions, including China, Germany, Korea, The
Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Thailand, Ukraine, the UK and the U.S. François has been
listed in the Expert Guide as one of the world’s leading international trade lawyers
François is also listed as a leading lawyer in PLC’s antitrust cross-border category in China,
International Who’s Who of Competition Lawyers, Global Competition Review (GCR), Chambers
APAC and IFLR 1000, respectively. He was the winner of the ILO Client Choice Award 2015 for
the Competition and Antitrust category in China.
© Allen & Overy 2016
31
Contacts
Sarah Garvey
Counsel
Litigation – London
Tel +44 (0)20 3088 3710
sarah.garvey@allenovery.com
Sarah is an experienced litigator with particular expertise in conflict of laws, state immunity issues
and EU laws. She regularly advises clients on topics such as governing law, jurisdiction, immunity
and arbitration. Sarah is part of Allen & Overy's core Brexit team and has been heavily involved in
advising clients on the legal implications of Brexit. Sarah is Chair of the Law Society's EU
Committee and sits on the Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Private International Law.
Sarah edits the Forum Chapter of Butterworths' Encyclopaedia of Banking and is secretary to
Allen & Overy's Global Legal Opinions Committee. Sarah is a Board Member of the London
Women's Forum.
© Allen & Overy 2016
Contacts
32
Marjorie Chorlins
Vice President, European Affairs
+1 202-463-5305
mchorlins@uschamber.com
Garrett Workman
Director, European Affairs
+1 202-463-5639
gworkman@uschamber.com
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce's European Affairs team champions a
pro-business agenda across Europe and in Washington to expand
commercial opportunities for members by advancing open and
competitive markets, economic growth, and transatlantic cooperation.
© Allen & Overy 2016 3333
These are presentation slides only. The information within these slides does not
constitute definitive advice and should not be used as the basis for giving definitive
advice without checking the primary sources.
Allen & Overy means Allen & Overy LLP and/or its affiliated undertakings. The term
partner is used to refer to a member of Allen & Overy LLP or an employee or consultant
with equivalent standing and qualifications or an individual with equivalent status in one
of Allen & Overy LLP's affiliated undertakings.
Questions?
TX:2911801.2

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Brexit Webinar Series 2

  • 1. © Allen & Overy 2016 The impact of Brexit on trade, tariffs, and taxes Charles Yorke, François Renard, Sarah Garvey Tuesday, 25 October 2016 Brexit Webinar Series Presented in partnership with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
  • 2. © Allen & Overy 2016 22 Brexit webinar series 2016 – Programme Agenda 1 Brexit: Understanding the context and consequences of the UK referendum vote Tuesday, 18 October 2016 2 Trade, tariffs, and taxes Tuesday, 25 October 2016 3 Employment, data protection, and data transfers Tuesday, 1 November 2016 4 Antitrust, intellectual property, and environmental regulations Tuesday, 8 November 2016 5 Commercial contracts Tuesday, 15 November 2016 6 Securing the best legal framework for your businesses Thursday, 17 November 2016
  • 3. © Allen & Overy 2016 33 Timeline to Brexit – Article 50 2 years Article 50 gives 2 year period for negotiating terms of withdrawal – “terms of the divorce” – Possible transitional arrangements, but not detailed terms for future trade – Qualified majority of Council and consent of European Parliament required At end of 2 years (March 2019?) there are three options: – Negotiation period extended (unanimity of Council required) – Withdrawal agreement concluded – UK leaves EU without agreement Service of Article 50 notice starts process – March 2017? – Parliamentary approval required?
  • 4. © Allen & Overy 2016 44 Article 50 1) Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements 2) A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the European Council of its intention. In the light of the guidelines provided by the European Council, the Union shall negotiate and conclude an agreement with that State, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. That agreement shall be negotiated in accordance with Article 218(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It shall be concluded on behalf of the Union by the Council, acting by a qualified majority, after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament 3) The Treaties shall cease to apply to the State in question from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or, failing that, two years after the notification referred to in paragraph 2, unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides to extend this period 4) For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 3, the member of the European Council or of the Council representing the withdrawing Member State shall not participate in the discussions of the European Council or Council or in decisions concerning it A qualified majority shall be defined in accordance with Article 238(3)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5) If a State which has withdrawn from the Union asks to rejoin, its request shall be subject to the procedure referred to in Article 49
  • 5. © Allen & Overy 2016 55 Trade
  • 6. © Allen & Overy 2016 66 Timeline to Brexit, and beyond March 2017 – Article 50 process March 2019: BREXIT – Full WTO status (hopefully) 2 year period – “Temporary” or no agreement concluded with the EU – WTO renegotiation on some aspects 7-8 years (?) – Negotiation of FTA with the EU (?) March 2027 – Independent negotiations Indefinite – Negotiation of FTA with other WTO members (?)
  • 7. © Allen & Overy 2016 77 Trade means trade … and everything else International trade agreements • impact international trade • domestic rules and measures both “as such” (i.e., the rules that will be adopted) and “as applied” (i.e., how those rules will be applied) Bottom-Up analysis of Brexit: See A&O topic talks Goal: identify and assess possible changes to your legal and economic positions Per subject (IPRs, competition, tax, passporting, etc) Top-Down analysis of Brexit: Our trade talk of today Goal: influence the decision- making process leading to these changes Holistic assessment of Brexit impact
  • 8. © Allen & Overy 2016 88 Few options, all easy to understand… The UK has three options, not more (Art. XXIV, GATT 47): Set up a Customs Union (CU) with another WTO member (including negotiating a temporary agreement) Enter into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with another WTO member (including negotiating a temporary agreement) The fall-back position – being a WTO member The WTO defines FTAs/CUs by reference to (customs) duties and restrictive regulations of commerce between RTA Members and with third-party countries: Eliminate internal duties and restrictive regulations of commerce with respect to substantially all the trade between RTA Members No Yes Yes Apply substantially the same external duties and regulations of commerce on imports from third countries No No Yes
  • 9. © Allen & Overy 2016 99 … but there is an infinite number of possible outcomes WTO FTA CU Abolish tariffs and import quotas among members -   Establish common external tariffs and quotas - -  Allow free movement of goods, services and workers - Negotiable (e.g., EEA) Negotiable (e.g., Single Market; Harmonize competition, structural, fiscal, monetary and social policies - Unify economic policies and establish supra-national institutions - Customs “duties” are easy to identify, but can vary extensively “Restrictive regulations of commerce” can include hundreds of regulations And nothing prevents trading partners from combining these trade-related regulations with other non-trade-focused regulation (depending on their respective bargaining power) Based on progressive levels of integration proposed by Rolf Mirus and Nataliya Rylska (Alberta International and Intergovernmental Relations)
  • 10. © Allen & Overy 2016 1010 The Brexit options While aiming at the same result, the positions from companies and political leaders seem at odds: What UK leaders seem willing to negotiate What Companies want Access out of the UK to the EU single goods market, without duties and complex rules of origin Yes Yes Access out of the UK to the EU single service market, with passporting and recognition Yes Yes Meaning… A sovereign-compliant FTA, at best The most advanced CU – What history tells us: a FTA is the most likely option (only 6% of the trade agreements are Customs Unions) – So the question for companies: how to manage cost & regulatory changes?
  • 11. © Allen & Overy 2016 1111 Options available for the UK (1) : excluding some products (fish, agricultural, food) (2) : including one common trade policy, but also a stronger negotiation power with trading partners, no complex Rule of Origin, no “intra” trade remedy actions (3) : applying EU Schedules at WTO, but substantial hurdle: will need to renegotiate agricultural (quantitative) Schedules Models Internal Duties Common External Duties with the EU (2) Cross-border services allowed Free movement of people Intra- Members Need to respect/ apply EU laws Financial contribution Participation in EU decision making process EU No Yes Yes Yes Yes Extensive Yes Norwegian (EEA) No(1) No (RoO avoided) Yes Yes Yes Extensive Consultation Swiss No No Quite Limited Yes Yes when relevant Partial Consultation Turkish No(1) Yes (but trade remedy actions possible) Very Limited Limited Yes No No Canadian No(1) No Very Limited No Limited No No WTO High No Very Limited No No No NA UK wish list No No (3) Yes No No No NA Why none of the existing models can satisfy the UK? A simple (istic) explanation Acceptable Possible Unacceptable Economic benefits Political Quid Pro Quo “No go”
  • 12. © Allen & Overy 2016 1212 Possible Options for pro-trade Companies After the Art-50 2-year Period Long Term (normally no more than 10 years) Revised EEA/ Norwegian model Option 1: “An interim [EEA modelled] agreement leading to the formation of [the UK/EUFTA]” – Art. XXIV) – Economically acceptable (although no more protection against “dumped” /”subsidised” imports), but possibly not acceptable for other WTO members (not to raise barrier – see DS 34 Turkey-Textile), e.g., – how to assess “UK origin”? – how to allocate agricultural products? – Politically difficult for – the UK (“back to square one”) – the EU (encouragement to other potential leavers) – Norway (power sharing with the EFTA countries) – Solutions: offering concessions to WTO Members, accepting this Option because it is a temporary solution Option 2 (politically untenable?) WTO model Option 2: – Should not raise any legal issue (willingness of other WTO members), if the UK applies the EU schedules, plus unilaterally decides to apply no duties (HK model) – query: is it acceptable to UK-based companies/ UK Treasury? – BUT WTO quantitative schedules would need to be negotiated; and substantial uncertainty on Services Option 3 (commercially too weak?) FTA (UK Model) No time to negotiate it Option 1 Will the UK need and be able to negotiate its own separate FTAs with other partners in the Art 50 2-year period (e.g. with South Korea)?
  • 13. © Allen & Overy 2016 1313 Priorities for Companies – Mutual recognitions rules – “Technical Barriers to Trade” measures – Private Data, employment rules – “Sanitary or Phytosanitary” measures – Tax, VAT, competition rules – Trade defence (antidumping) measures – Rules of Origin rules – Other EU FTAs/bilateral agreements – Customs clearance processes – Etc – Assess impact of Brexit on your UK-EU/other countries trade business – Regroup yourself by sector (together with pro-trade local companies) – Team effort (economists, political, lobbyists, legal: understand BOTH side’s rules) – You and your team must defend your position to: – the UK – the European Union – Norway – Others? – Secure support of your government (USTR) – Convince the UK and the EU to be pragmatic, not populist – Obtain compensation for the transitional period – Do not focus on trade tariffs only – many other matters are at stake, which require a clear understanding of the EU rules. Based on a counterfactual analysis (“what if”), assess the impact of a change/termination in:
  • 14. © Allen & Overy 2016 1414 Tax
  • 15. © Allen & Overy 2016 1515 How does the EU affect tax? – Common system of VAT – Harmonisation measures to support the fundamental freedoms (in particularly freedom of movement of capital) – Challenge to domestic rules if they infringe freedoms – State aid – “Mission creep”? – Financial transactions tax – Common [Consolidated] Corporate Tax Base
  • 16. © Allen & Overy 2016 1616 VAT – The current position – EU framework in the Principal VAT Directive – National implementation – National differences still exist – Applied and calculated on a national level – Basic principles – Supplier charges VAT on supplies made by it (outputs) – Supplier recovers VAT on supplies made to it (inputs) – Pays/recovers net difference to/from tax authority – Intra-EU supplies treated differently from supplies to third countries – BUT overall effect for importer/exporter is mostly the same – Biggest area of difference is where the supplier is partially exempt– supplies to third countries may improve its VAT recovery position
  • 17. © Allen & Overy 2016 1717 VAT example – supplies of goods UKCo Non-EU Non-EU UK UK EU EU 10 10 + VAT 10 20 20 + VAT 20 Inputs From non- EU Import VAT 2 UK pay VAT 2 EU Acquisition VAT 2 Outputs To non-EU no VAT 0 UK charge VAT 4 EU Acquisition VAT [4] Recovery? Inputs Outputs
  • 18. © Allen & Overy 2016 1818 VAT – Position post-Brexit Detailed review is required to work out implications of EU being “third countries” for the UK and vice versa UK government would be free to scrap VAT – BUT – important revenue raiser, efficient collection mechanism – More likely to make detailed changes eg to rates/classification of supplies in politically sensitive areas VAT legislation is already part of UK law – will stay in place unless changed
  • 19. © Allen & Overy 2016 1919 VAT – UK as “third country” – For most supply chains, no significant overall tax impact – Import VAT generally recoverable unless onward supplies are exempt – Exports to third countries are generally zero-rated – B2C supplies may be treated differently – Possible cashflow impact – Import VAT from non-EU member states payable on import unless deferment arrangements agreed/use customs warehouse – Acquisition VAT from EU member states payable through normal VAT return process – Biggest issue likely to be compliance and unavailability of certain simplification measures
  • 20. © Allen & Overy 2016 2020 EU tax harmonisation measures Capital duties directive – Opportunity for UK to reintroduce stamp duty on issues of shares into clearing systems/depositaries? Parent-subsidiary directive – Permits certain dividend payments without withholding tax – Largely covered by UK’s treaty network, but some significant exceptions Interest and royalties directive – Permits certain interest and royalty payments without withholding tax – Largely covered by UK’s treaty network, but some significant exceptions Mutual assistance directive
  • 21. © Allen & Overy 2016 2121 Where would this leave the UK as a holding company jurisdiction? Main advantages of the UK as a holding company jurisdiction remain Some European dividends may attract withholding tax UK has better treaty provision with the US than other typical holding company jurisdictions Issue Treatment Receipt of dividends Usually exempt Payment of dividends No withholding tax Capital gains on disposals Broad exemption for share sales of trading companies CFC rules Limited Corporation tax rate 20% reducing to 17% Interest deductibility Generous Treaty network Very large
  • 22. © Allen & Overy 2016 2222 State aid and other EU mission creep ‒ Aim to reduce tax competition between member states (except rates) ‒ Appeal to public opinion over heads of member states ‒ Using other avenues (eg state aid, enhanced co- operation procedure) to bypass unanimity ‒ Increased Commission activism Tax matters need unanimity
  • 23. © Allen & Overy 2016 2323 EU Commission approach State Aid decision in Fiat case “the arm’s length principle that the Commission applies in its State aid assessment is not that derived from Article 9 of the OECD Model Tax Convention … but is a general principle of equal treatment in taxation falling within the application of Article 107(1) of the TFEU, which binds the Member States” Pierre Moscovici (EU Commissioner) There are three political factors in play today which allow us to move forward, despite unanimity. First, there is political space to create a European fiscal area … Second, there is political will to secure stable tax revenues for Member States… Finally, there is public pressure to ensure genuinely fair taxation and to put an end to tax fraud and evasion. The combination of all of these factors provides us with a unique opportunity. We have to seize it! We have to start a revolution of transparency, but also of one of efficiency, competitiveness, justice – just as Europeans expect. This is the challenge that I have signed up to and we are now poised to win on several key proposals. At the European Parliament hearing, which I attended today with President Juncker, we gave a clear signal that this Commission is determined to ensure that our tax projects succeed.
  • 24. © Allen & Overy 2016 2424 US Treasury response – White Paper August 2016 3 concerns: 1) “The Commission has advanced several previously unarticulated theories as to why its Member States’ generally available tax rulings may constitute impermissible State aid in particular cases. Such a change in course, which has required the Commission to second-guess Member State income tax determinations, was an unforeseeable departure from the status quo” 2) Retroactive effect 3) Contrary to international norms The U.S. Treasury Department continues to consider potential responses should the Commission continue its present course. A strongly preferred and mutually beneficial outcome would be a return to the system and practice of international tax cooperation that has long fostered cross-border investment between the United States and EU Member States. The U.S. Treasury Department remains ready and willing to continue to collaborate with the Commission on the important work of ensuring that the international tax system is fair, efficient, and predictable.
  • 25. © Allen & Overy 2016 2525 Direction of UK corporation tax policy Rates low and getting lower – might they go further? HMRC generally helpful to inward investors – accessible and (broadly) sensible UK is “open for business” But… structuring to reduce taxes further is being closed down Early adopters of BEPS proposals to counter – Hybrid debt – Excessive interest deductions – Avoidance of UK taxable presence
  • 26. © Allen & Overy 2016 2626 What can you do? Identify areas of supply chain that are likely to be affected Contingency plan for worst case outcome Lobby in the UK and the EU-27 for a rational outcome
  • 27. © Allen & Overy 2016 2727 What lies ahead? Interview with Jonathan Hill – UK’s former EU Commissioner It’s important that we work at building as many relationships – whether that’s in business or in politics – as we possibly can. This process will be hard enough without misunderstanding and mistranslation We do have, because of the nature of British politics, a much more transactional, rational, economic based approach to life. And people here, I think, forget that for the Europeans their project is an emotional project, it’s a political project, that actually it’s quite a romantic project. So if we think in the UK that ultimately economic rationalism will win out in terms of the negotiation, that is to misread how the Europeans will approach this negotiation. If we approach it in a sensible way, because the European system is a deal based system, there is more scope for resolving it intelligently than if we go at it in a way where we all end up shouting at each other. And I think we have this false choice in the UK between “hard Brexit” and “soft Brexit”. I think the choice is between “stupid Brexit” and “more intelligent Brexit” and that is what we need to go for.
  • 28. © Allen & Overy 2016 2828 Brexit webinar series 2016 – Programme Agenda 1 Brexit: Understanding the context and consequences of the UK referendum vote Tuesday, 18 October 2016 2 Trade, tariffs, and taxes Tuesday, 25 October 2016 3 Employment, data protection, and data transfers Tuesday, 1 November 2016 4 Antitrust, intellectual property, and environmental regulations Tuesday, 8 November 2016 5 Commercial contracts Tuesday, 15 November 2016 6 Securing the best legal framework for your businesses Thursday, 17 November 2016
  • 29. © Allen & Overy 2016 2929 Contacts Charles Yorke Partner Taxation – London Tel +44 (0)20 3088 4925 charles.york@allenovery.com Charles is a partner in Allen & Overy’s London tax group. Charles has a broad practice, including mergers and acquisitions, capital markets transactions, derivatives, securitisations, group reorganisations and project finance.
  • 30. © Allen & Overy 2016 3030 Contacts Francois Renard Registered Foreign Lawyer Corporate – Hong Kong Tel +86 138 1013 6350 francois.renard@allenovery.com François has been located in Beijing and Hong Kong since November 2008. Prior to joining Allen & Overy, François was based in Brussels and Paris, and has almost 20 years’ experience advising on antitrust and trade law. François has assisted companies throughout the world in anti-dumping and trade sanctions proceedings, as well as in various international trade matters, including WTO-related matters. He has represented in this field from various jurisdictions, including China, Germany, Korea, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Thailand, Ukraine, the UK and the U.S. François has been listed in the Expert Guide as one of the world’s leading international trade lawyers François is also listed as a leading lawyer in PLC’s antitrust cross-border category in China, International Who’s Who of Competition Lawyers, Global Competition Review (GCR), Chambers APAC and IFLR 1000, respectively. He was the winner of the ILO Client Choice Award 2015 for the Competition and Antitrust category in China.
  • 31. © Allen & Overy 2016 31 Contacts Sarah Garvey Counsel Litigation – London Tel +44 (0)20 3088 3710 sarah.garvey@allenovery.com Sarah is an experienced litigator with particular expertise in conflict of laws, state immunity issues and EU laws. She regularly advises clients on topics such as governing law, jurisdiction, immunity and arbitration. Sarah is part of Allen & Overy's core Brexit team and has been heavily involved in advising clients on the legal implications of Brexit. Sarah is Chair of the Law Society's EU Committee and sits on the Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Private International Law. Sarah edits the Forum Chapter of Butterworths' Encyclopaedia of Banking and is secretary to Allen & Overy's Global Legal Opinions Committee. Sarah is a Board Member of the London Women's Forum.
  • 32. © Allen & Overy 2016 Contacts 32 Marjorie Chorlins Vice President, European Affairs +1 202-463-5305 mchorlins@uschamber.com Garrett Workman Director, European Affairs +1 202-463-5639 gworkman@uschamber.com The U.S. Chamber of Commerce's European Affairs team champions a pro-business agenda across Europe and in Washington to expand commercial opportunities for members by advancing open and competitive markets, economic growth, and transatlantic cooperation.
  • 33. © Allen & Overy 2016 3333 These are presentation slides only. The information within these slides does not constitute definitive advice and should not be used as the basis for giving definitive advice without checking the primary sources. Allen & Overy means Allen & Overy LLP and/or its affiliated undertakings. The term partner is used to refer to a member of Allen & Overy LLP or an employee or consultant with equivalent standing and qualifications or an individual with equivalent status in one of Allen & Overy LLP's affiliated undertakings. Questions? TX:2911801.2