UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
Hippo Effect
1. H = Habitat Destruction
I = Invasive / Introduced Species
P = Pollution
P = Population Growth / Explosion
O = Over – harvesting / Over – consumption
2. H = Habitat Destruction
• A habitat is the natural home for an animal or plant
• Habitat destruction is when an animal or plant loses
its natural home
• Usually caused by something humans have done
• If an animal’s habitat gets destroyed, it might die
out
• If this happens, it can affect all animals above it on
the food chain
3. Causes
• Humans are a major cause of habitat
destruction
• The number of human beings on our planet
has risen steeply in the last few centuries
• This huge increase is putting pressure on
natural resources
• Our needs are growing, and these needs are
often causing habitat destruction
5. I = Invasive / Introduced Species
An invasive species is a species occurring, as a
result of human activities, beyond its accepted
normal distribution and which threatens valued
environmental, agricultural or other social
resources by the damage it causes
6. • Sometimes, a new plant or animal is taken from its natural
environment and introduced into a new ecosystem
• Or a new plant or animal enters a new environment as its
original habitat is destroyed
• The effects can be drastic
• Some native plants and animals are decimated
• While others may flourish to higher-than-average levels
due to the new introduced species
7. P = Pollution
• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural
environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or
discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living
organisms.
• Pollution can take the form of chemical
substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.
• Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
8. Pollutants
A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil.
Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant:
1. Its chemical nature,
2. The concentration and
3. The persistence.
9. TYPES:
Water pollution
• Water pollution is the presence in water of harmful material, such
as sewage, dissolved metals, waste from farms and factories and includes crude
oil spilled from shipwrecked tankers.
• The three main substances that pollute water are nitrates from fertilizers, sewage
and detergents.
• Pollution causes harm to living things in water and can also harm to people's
health, and can problems such as cancer.
• The main sources of water pollution is from sewage, farms and factories.
10. Air pollution
• Harmful gases and tiny particles (like carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide) when
released into the air pollute the air. The smoke released
from burning fuel, from factories and not to forget the
motor cars are the major sources of air pollution.
• Air pollution is one of the major cause of that funny
cough, asthma and burning eyes that you develop.
11. These are following gases that are known as the
"Big Six" air pollutants":
• Carbon Dioxide
• Carbon Monoxide
• Sulfur Oxide
• Nitrogen Oxide
• Hydrocarbons (Benzene, Terpene, etc.)
• Particulates
12. Noise pollution
The harmful noise in our environment, such as the sound of
cars in a city, loud speakers ,etc. is called noise pollution.
Noise pollution can cause ear problems or even permanent
deafness, especially to older people.
13. Land pollution
•All that plastic and dirt that you throw on the ground dirties
the land and when you don't maintain the hygiene, then
disease prevails.
14. Light pollution
• Is too much artificial light at night which makes it difficult
to see the stars and planets.
• Light pollution is an effect of modern civilization.
• It is most severe in highly industrialized, densely
populated areas of North America, Europe, and Japan and in
major cities in the Middle East and North Africa, but even
relatively small amounts of light can be noticed and create
problems.
15. P = Population Growth / Explosion
With the world's population estimated to double
within the next 12 years, more people means
increased use of natural resources, possible increase
in habitat destruction and more waste generated.
16. O = Over – harvesting / Over – consumption
• Over harvesting is an extreme use of some important areas
like wetlands and damaging them without knowing that
these areas could help many people.
• Most of wetlands that people destroy by overusing them
could make drinking water for those people who do not
have fresh water.
• Over harvesting is also when you over harvest an animal to
an extent were the population goes extremely low or even
to extinction
17. Overharvesting:
Also called Overexploitation, refers to harvesting a
renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.
Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the
resource.
The term applies to natural resources such as:
wild medicinal plants,
grazing pastures,
fish stocks,
forests
water aquifers
