Open Access & Open Education Advocacy

Open Access & Open Education:
Background, lobby tips, and continuing
the discussion on campus
Nick Shockey (@R2RC)
Director, Right to Research Coalition
Nicole Allen (@txtbks)
Director of Open Education, SPARC
NAGPS Legislative Action Days
March 22, 2015

bit.ly/2015springlad
www.sparc.arl.org
case sensitive!

Launched in Summer 2009. NAGPS
was one of our first 10 members.
Built around the Student Statement
on the Right to Research: access to
research is a student right
International alliance of 75 graduate &
undergraduate student organizations,
representing nearly 7 million students

$14,848
Prices generated with Elsevier’s pricing tool, for an institutional subscription with more than 5 users for an
academic institution in the US with 10,001-25,000 FTEs. Pricing tool URL:
http://www.myelsevier.com/browse/product_details.jsp?productId=ELS_AG_BS-PRD-00942#

$39,082
Robert Darnton, “The Library: Three Jeremiads,” New York Review of Books, December 23, 2010
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/dec/23/library-three-jeremiads

Average journal price in Chemistry:
Biology
= $2,520
Geography
= $1,308
Physics
= $3,870
= $4,215
www.sparc.arl.org
Source: Library Journal 2014 Periodicals Pricing Survey
“Steps Down the Evolutionary Road | Periodicals Price Survey 2014,” by Stephen Bosch and Kittie Henderson. Library Journal,
April 11, 2014: http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/04/publishing/steps-down-the-evolutionary-road-periodicals-price-survey-2014/#_

Source: Library Journal 2014 Periodicals Pricing Survey
“Steps Down the Evolutionary Road | Periodicals Price Survey 2014,” by Stephen Bosch and Kittie Henderson. Library Journal,
April 11, 2014: http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/04/publishing/steps-down-the-evolutionary-road-periodicals-price-survey-2014/#_
www.sparc.arl.org

www.righttoresearch.org
-25%
25%
75%
125%
175%
225%
275%
325%
375%
425%
1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
%ChangeSince1986
Source: ARL Statistics 2010-11 Association of Research Libraries, Washington, D.C.
*Includes electronic resources from 1999-2000 onward.
Graph 2
Monograph and Serial Costs
in ARL Libraries, 1986-2011* Serial
Expenditures
(+402%)
Monograph
Expenditures
(+71%)
Monographs
Purchased
(10%)

Publishing obscure academic journals is
that rare thing in the media industry:
“a licence to print money.”

Publishing is big business…
www.sparc.arl.org

Publishing is big business…
39%
Source: “Elsevier STM publishing profits rise to 39%”
http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2014/03/elsevier-stm-publishing-profits-rise-to.html
www.sparc.arl.org

Is there a reason
publishing should be
this expensive?
www.sparc.arl.org

http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1200
www.sparc.arl.org

80%
of research is
publicly
funded
Source: “Academic Publishing: Survey of funders supports the benign Open Access outcome priced into
shares, HSBC Global Research,” February 11, 2013:
https://www.research.hsbc.com/midas/Res/RDV?ao=20&key=RxArFbnG1P&n=360010.PDF
1
www.sparc.arl.org

Source: New America Foundation

Cost Factors:
Tuition and Fees
Room and Board
Transportation
Books and Supplies

Average Estimated Undergraduate
Budgets, 2014-15
Source: College Board
Books & Supplies = $1,225

“the straw that broke the
camel’s back”

Figure 1: Estimated Increases in New College Textbook Prices, College Tuition and
Fees, and Overall Consumer Price Inflation, 2002 to 2012
prices grew by 28 percent.

Physics: Principles With Applications, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Giancoli

Image © from http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/28/showbiz/heat-director-buddy-cop/

2 in 3
Students say they decided against
buying a textbook because the cost is
too high
Source: Student PIRGs

1 in 2
Students say they have at some point
taken fewer courses due to the cost of
textbooks
Source: Florida Virtual Campus

<1 in 2
Students purchase a current
edition of their textbook
Source: Book Industry Study Group

Students can’t learn
from materials
they can’t afford

Market Failure
5 major
publishers hold
nearly 90% of
the market
Source: Turning the Page by James Koch

“less than one third of students
believed that using e-textbooks
significantly improved their
learning or engagement in a
course”
Market Failure
Source: EDUCAUSE

Free, immediate online access
to scientific & scholarly articles
with full reuse rights
Budapest Open Access Initiative
www.sparc.arl.org

Two paths to Open Access
Self-
archiving
Open Access
Journals
www.sparc.arl.org

1. Publish in an open-access journal
X >10,000
Source: Directory of Open Access Journals: www.doaj.org
www.sparc.arl.org

X 2,000
2. Publish (most) anywhere,
deposit into an open-access repository
www.sparc.arl.org

Institutional Open Access Policies
270 Institutions in 45 countries
Datafromroarmap.eprints.org.AccessedonDecember2,2014

Research Funder Open Access Policies
115 Research Funders in 28 Countries
Datafromroarmap.eprints.org.AccessedonDecember2,2014

National Action:
1. The NIH Public Access Policy
2. The Federal Research Public Access Act
(FRPAA)
3. The Presidential Directive on OA
4. The Fair Access to Science & Technology
Research Act (FASTR)

The NIH Public Access Policy
• Enacted on April 7, 2008
• Requires results of all NIH-funded research be made freely
available through PubMed Central within 12 months of publication
in a journal
• Applies to ~$30B in research funding
• Contributes ~90,000 papers/year to PMC
• PMC is a tremendously valuable resource
• >700,000 unique users each weekday
• Only 25% of from universities
• 40% from general public; 17% from private industry

The NIH Public Access Policy
• NIH policy is proof that public access policies work: they’re
effective in getting important information to those that need it and
do not harm publishers
• No publisher has been able to show demonstrable negative
effects from the NIH policy. In fact, Elsevier – the largest
commercial publisher which owns many leading journals in
biomedical research – has seen its revenues and profit margins
increase every year since the NIH policy was enacted.

The Federal Research Public Access Act
(FRPAA)
• Introduced into 3 previous Congresses;
Fully bipartisan in every Congress
• Would have required all 11 federal agencies with external
research budgets in excess of $100M to make the articles
resulting from the research they fund freely available within 6
months of publication in a peer-reviewed journal
• Multiple hearings in Congress within the House Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform
• Supported by 120 university presidents & provosts,
41 Nobel Prize winning scientists
• Ended last year with 34 co-sponsors in the House

The Presidential Directive on Open Access
• Issued on February 22, 2013 by John Holdren, Director of the
Office of Science & Technology Policy (OSTP)
• HUGE WIN: directs all federal agencies with external research
AND DEVELOPMENT budgets in excess of $100M (~24) to
develop policies making the articles resulting from the research
they fund freely available within 12 months of publication in a
peer-reviewed journal
• Result of 4+ years of consultation with the White House;
Successful ‘We, the People’ petition w/ 65,000 signatures
• Great first step, but it must be strengthened:
• Easy to overturn, must be codified into law
• Shorten the embargo period
• Strengthen requirement for full reuse rights

Source:
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.11
4s779

The Fair Access to Science & Technology
Research Act (FASTR)
• Introduced in Congress on March 18, 2015
• Introduced in both House & Senate on the same day
• S. 779: Cornyn (R-TX), Wyden (D-OR)
• H.R. xxx: Doyle (D-PA), Yoder (R-KS), Lofgren (D-CA)
• Widely bipartisan in both chambers
• Improves on the Presidential Directive by
• Making Open Access the law of the land rather than just the
preference of a President (codifies into law)
• Shortening the embargo to 6 months after publication
• Making a more explicit requirement of full reuse rights
• Presidential Directive gives FASTR more momentum,
not less

1,000+
Congressional lobbying visits
over the past 5 years

Lobbying for FASTR: Talking Points
• Your personal story is the most compelling point: has not having
access to research impacted your education, your reach, or your
plans for after graduation?
• Many graduate students will still need access to the journal
literature after graduation when they lose access
• 6 months is too long to wait, 12 months is an eternity
• We use PMC everyday, students in other disciplines should have
something similar
• FASTR will advance research more quickly & speed the translation
of breakthroughs into better care
• FASTR will accelerate innovation; improve education

1. Open & Connect
2. Introduce & Explain the Issue
3. The Ask
4. Thank You & the Close
Basics of lobbying for Open Access

“The open-access movement which
the meeting helped spawn now
looks unstoppable.”

Hewlett Foundation Definition:
“OER are teaching, learning, and
research resources that reside in the
public domain or are released under an
intellectual property license that permits
their free use and repurposing by
others”

Free + 5R Permissions
• Retain
• Reuse
• Revise
• Remix
• Redistribute

Open Textbook (Example)
• Free online
• Free PDF
• Free ePub
• Print $49.73
• Instructor can adapt
and distribute

Supporting Adoption
Developmental Math Results"
Percentage passing with C or better
48.40%
60.18%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Spring 2011
No OER
Spring 2013
All OER
n=2,842
About Lumen Lear
Open Educational Resources represent a
and learners, while at the same time imp
unsure what to do to help their institution
This is where Lumen enters the picture.
Co-founded by open education visionary
Lumen is dedicated to facilitating broad,
After years of pioneering work in open ed
Generation Learning Challenges grant-fu
textbooks with OER in community colleg
50% and improving student success rate
resulted in moving the cost of required te
10% compared to student performance in
You can read more about the Kaleidosco
Adding this concrete proof to the body of
help more educational institutions and st
Lumen helps institutional leaders and fac
! Finding quality content and mapp
around the country to review and agg
into Open Courses that match gener
course frameworks online. This proc
individual or institution to download a
! Incorporating OER into academic
consulting services to help institution
sense to introduce OER into courses
Source: Lumen Learning

using OER in 1 course
per year could save
$1.42
billion

• Textbook costs are a real problem (your
personal story)
• The market is broken and not working for
students
• Time to harness technology to reduce costs
and make materials better
• Open Educational Resources
• Free to read online
• Flexible to adapt and share
• Students learn as well or better

• Affordable College Textbook Act would create
a federally funded grant program to support
open textbook pilot programs on campus
• Higher Education Act Reauthorization

Raise awareness and
advocate OER use

Help establish campus
programs that support OER
(and work with your library)

What can you
do to promote OA?
www.sparc.arl.org

Make your
work openly
available on
The Internet
Source: Mike Taylor: The SV-POW! open-access decision tree
svpow.com/2013/05/11/the-sv-pow-open-access-decision-tree/

Raise awareness about
Open Access & its benefits
for researchers
www.sparc.arl.org

bit.ly/OAexplained
www.sparc.arl.org

Open Access Week: October 19-25, 2015

Thank you!
nick@arl.org
@R2RC
www.sparc.arl.org
www.sparc.arl.org

• Will FASTR harm publishers?
• Will FASTR limit an author’s choice of publication venue?
• Does FASTR violate copyright law?
• Would FASTR limit authors’ ability to get patents?
• Will FASTR make classified research available?
• Will the implementation of FASTR be expensive?
• Why is a shorter embargo period of 6 months important?
• Why are full reuse rights important?
• Will FASTR lead to increased plagiarism, or IP theft?
Frequently Asked Questions on FASTR

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