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T S Pradeep Kumar
VIT Chennai
http://www.nsnam.com
http://www.pradeepkumar.org
Medium Access Control (MAC Layer)
◦ Transmission and reception of packets is the main
service
◦ Also arbitration to access the channel
◦ Three modules are handled
Transmission Module
Receiving Module
Neighbor list handler
Routing Layer
◦ Formation and maintaining the unicast
session/multicast group
◦ Uses a set of tables, timers and route cache
◦ Unicast Routing information handler
◦ Multicast Routing information handler
◦ Forwarding module
◦ Tree/Mesh construction module
◦ Session Maintenance Module
◦ Route cache maintenance module
Application Layer
◦ Data packet transmit/receive controller
◦ Multicast session initiator/terminator
◦ Joining a group
◦ Data packet propagation
◦ Route Repair
Multicast routing protocols in adhoc networks
Type of Node Active Modules
Source/Receiver All Modules
Intermediate Nodes All modules of MAC and routing
Layers
Other Nodes Modules 2,3,8 and optionally
module 4
Application Independent / Generic
◦ Based on Topology
Tree based
Source Tree and Shared Tree
Mesh based
◦ Based on initialization of multicast session
Source initiated
Receiver initiated
◦ Based on topology maintenance mechanism
Soft state approach
Hard state approach
Tree based
◦ Source Tree based
The source is at the root
◦ Shared Tree based
All the sources share the common tree with a core
node at the root
If there is a single point of failure (if core node failed),
the route construction should happen again
Source initiated
Receiver initiated
Soft state approach
◦ Control packets are flooded periodically to refresh
the route
◦ Packet delivery ratio is high
Hard state approach
◦ Control packets are flooded only during a link break
◦ Packet delivery ratio is low because low control
overhead
Source Tree based Shared Tree Based
A single multicast tree maintained
per source
A single tree is shared by all
sources in the tree
Less scalable (increase in number
of sources leads to increase in
trees which affects the bandwidth)
More scalable (performance will
not be degraded when more
multicast sessions or more souces
are added)
More memory is needed at the
source nodes
Less memory is needed as the tree
is shared between the sources
Tries to find the nearest forwarding node
rather than the shortest path between source
and receiver
Reduces number of data transmissions
Uses hard state approach (to rejoin multicast
group, the control packets are sent only
during link breaks)
Tree initialisation Phase
◦ Join packets
A receiver node floods the join control packets
◦ Reply Packets
The existing members of the tree, on receiving join
packets, respond with Reply control packets
◦ Reserve Packets
When many such reply packets comes to the receiver
nodes, then the receiver node select the minimum hop
count route and send a Reserve Control packet to the
member node.
Multicast routing protocols in adhoc networks
Node R3 Moves, I3
Broadcasts
R3 receives and send a
Reserve packet
Broadcast multicast
scheme
When the node moves,
the upstream node is
responsible for finding
a new route by
flooding with
broadcast-multicast
packets
R3, I3 Links fails, R3
sends join and I3 reply
R3 Send Reserve packets
and rejoin the group
Local Rejoin Scheme
The corresponding
sends the join packet if
there is any break in
the link.
It is similar like tree
initialization phase
R3 Receives from I2 before I5
and R3 Sends a Reserve packet
I5->I4->I3->I2, sends a Quit
packet and thus a path is pruned
When a tree node or
receiver nodes comes
within the transmission
range of other tree
nodes, the unwanted
tree nodes are pruned
by sending the Quit
messages.

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Multicast routing protocols in adhoc networks

  • 1. T S Pradeep Kumar VIT Chennai http://www.nsnam.com http://www.pradeepkumar.org
  • 2. Medium Access Control (MAC Layer) ◦ Transmission and reception of packets is the main service ◦ Also arbitration to access the channel ◦ Three modules are handled Transmission Module Receiving Module Neighbor list handler
  • 3. Routing Layer ◦ Formation and maintaining the unicast session/multicast group ◦ Uses a set of tables, timers and route cache ◦ Unicast Routing information handler ◦ Multicast Routing information handler ◦ Forwarding module ◦ Tree/Mesh construction module ◦ Session Maintenance Module ◦ Route cache maintenance module
  • 4. Application Layer ◦ Data packet transmit/receive controller ◦ Multicast session initiator/terminator ◦ Joining a group ◦ Data packet propagation ◦ Route Repair
  • 6. Type of Node Active Modules Source/Receiver All Modules Intermediate Nodes All modules of MAC and routing Layers Other Nodes Modules 2,3,8 and optionally module 4
  • 7. Application Independent / Generic ◦ Based on Topology Tree based Source Tree and Shared Tree Mesh based ◦ Based on initialization of multicast session Source initiated Receiver initiated ◦ Based on topology maintenance mechanism Soft state approach Hard state approach
  • 8. Tree based ◦ Source Tree based The source is at the root ◦ Shared Tree based All the sources share the common tree with a core node at the root If there is a single point of failure (if core node failed), the route construction should happen again
  • 10. Soft state approach ◦ Control packets are flooded periodically to refresh the route ◦ Packet delivery ratio is high Hard state approach ◦ Control packets are flooded only during a link break ◦ Packet delivery ratio is low because low control overhead
  • 11. Source Tree based Shared Tree Based A single multicast tree maintained per source A single tree is shared by all sources in the tree Less scalable (increase in number of sources leads to increase in trees which affects the bandwidth) More scalable (performance will not be degraded when more multicast sessions or more souces are added) More memory is needed at the source nodes Less memory is needed as the tree is shared between the sources
  • 12. Tries to find the nearest forwarding node rather than the shortest path between source and receiver Reduces number of data transmissions Uses hard state approach (to rejoin multicast group, the control packets are sent only during link breaks)
  • 13. Tree initialisation Phase ◦ Join packets A receiver node floods the join control packets ◦ Reply Packets The existing members of the tree, on receiving join packets, respond with Reply control packets ◦ Reserve Packets When many such reply packets comes to the receiver nodes, then the receiver node select the minimum hop count route and send a Reserve Control packet to the member node.
  • 15. Node R3 Moves, I3 Broadcasts R3 receives and send a Reserve packet Broadcast multicast scheme When the node moves, the upstream node is responsible for finding a new route by flooding with broadcast-multicast packets
  • 16. R3, I3 Links fails, R3 sends join and I3 reply R3 Send Reserve packets and rejoin the group Local Rejoin Scheme The corresponding sends the join packet if there is any break in the link. It is similar like tree initialization phase
  • 17. R3 Receives from I2 before I5 and R3 Sends a Reserve packet I5->I4->I3->I2, sends a Quit packet and thus a path is pruned When a tree node or receiver nodes comes within the transmission range of other tree nodes, the unwanted tree nodes are pruned by sending the Quit messages.