Alternative Feed Ingredients: Real Options or Just a Nice Idea? - Dr. Brian Richert, Associate Professor of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, from the 2012 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 18-19, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

1. Alternative feed ingredients – real options or just a nice idea? Dr. Brian Richert Department of Animal Sciences

3. U.S. Corn Utilization Source: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation, 2005 2010 – 37% 2010 – 12.5 Bil. Bu 2010 – 13% 2010 – 34% 2010 – 13%

4. Energy and Amino Acid Sources

8. Energy Replacement Options for Corn Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs March, 2011 Ingredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME Corn 240-250 1550 0.0790 Sorghum 228-233 1515 0.0759 Wheat-feed grade 300-325 1455 0.1074 Wheat Midds 166-174 1370 0.0620 Barley 196 1322 0.0741 Oats 256 1230 0.1041 Pulverized Oats 140-145 1230 0.0578 Soybean hulls 145-190 1064 0.0775 DDGS 195-210 1560 0.0657 Corn Gluten feed 142-160 1180 0.0636 Hominy Feed 180-190 1455 0.0636 Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804 Choice White Grease 880-920 3608 0.1247

9. Energy Replacement Options for Corn Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Jan.2-Jan.13, 2012 Ingredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME Corn 206-216 1550 0.0671 Sorghum 204-218 1515 0.0696 Wheat-feed grade 202-215 1455 0.0716 Wheat Midds 145-175 1370 0.0584 Barley 219 1322 0.0741 Oats 212 1230 0.0862 Pulverized Oats 138-145 1230 0.0575 Soybean hulls 150-205 1064 0.0705 DDGS 175-190 1560 0.0593 Corn Gluten feed 145-190 1180 0.0742 Hominy Feed 195-205 1455 0.0687 Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804 Choice White Grease 800-860 3608 0.1109

10. Digestible Lysine Replacement Options for Corn Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 2011 Ingredient $/ton dLys , % Cost / lb Lys Corn 206-216 .203 51.72 Sorghum 204-218 .178 59.27 Wheat-feed grade 202-215 .275 37.57 Wheat Midds 145-175 .507 15.78 Barley 219 .324 33.80 Oats 212 .304 34.87 Pulverized Oats 138-145 .304 23.19 Soybean hulls 150-205 .419 20.80 DDGS 175-190 .484 19.11 Corn Gluten feed 145-190 .416 21.03 Hominy Feed 195-205 .247 40.49 Bakery By-product 260-280 .208 64.90 SBM, 48% 295-315 2.718 5.61

12. Low Quality, Less Digestible DDGS High Quality, Highly Digestible DDGS Effect of Processing Method on DDGS Quality

16. Gain P = 0.57 Feed Intake P = 0.05 G:F P = 0.70 Whitney and Shurson, 2004 20 or 25% DDGS Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks Consumed 2 lb less Feed

17. Gain P < 0.01 Feed Intake P < 0.01 F:G P = 0.79 a ab a b b a a b ab b Gaines et al. 2006 30 or 40% DDGS Gain = 1.5 lb lighter after 2 weeks Consumed 2 lb less Feed

18. Feeding DDGS to Finisher Pigs

19. Increasing levels of DDGS on Grower pig ADG Percent Distillers Linneen et al., 2007; KSU lb/d DDGS, P < 0.06 SE=0.033

20. Increasing levels of DDGS on Grow-Finish pig ADG Percent Distillers Diets balanced on an Avail. AA Basis Linneen et al., 2005, KSU lb/d DDGS linear, P < 0.10 DDGS linear, P < 0.01 Fu et al., 2004, Univ. of Missouri lb/d

21. Effect on Carcass Weight Diet, P = 0.04 - 6.0 lbs - 6.5 lbs - 9.5 lbs Fu et al. 2003 a ab ab b

22. Increasing levels of DDGS on Finishing pig Variability Percent Distillers Whitney et al., 2006 CV, % DDGS, P < 0.02 SE=0.74

24. 60% DDGS in GF Bergstrom et al., 2010 20% DDGS 60% DDGS P< B G B G DDGS D 0-78 ADG 1.96 1.91 1.85 1.83 0.001 ADFI 5.22 4.89 5.17 4.84 NS FG 2.67 2.56 2.79 2.64 0.001 BW, lb 233.4 226.8 223.4 221.2 0.001 Jowl IV 69.9 72.5 80.7 83.8 0.001 Switch 60% to 20% d 78-99 ADG 2.40 2.30 2.54 2.47 0.01 Final BW 281.7 273.5 275.9 271.3 0.02 Carcass Wt 210.3 203.1 204.7 199.6 0.01 Jowl IV 71.1 74.4 80.2 82.2 0.05

29. Different Levels of DDGS on Belly Quality 0%, no Added Fat 30% DDGS 20% DDGS 10% DDGS 0% DDGS + ~ 3% Added Fat (CWG)

31. Iodine Value P < 0.0001 62.54 c ± 0.607 71.15 b ± 0.600 79.64 a ± 0.600

32. Bacon Slice Yield 1 n=40 per dietary treatment 2 Means followed by different superscripts differ, P<0.01 Dietary treatment Percent relative change from dietary treatment 1,2 SE Corn-SBM Control 0.0 a ---- 25% DDGS -2.95 a 2.64 25% DDGS + 5.3% RG -18.46 b 2.64

33. Consumer Purchase Intent Corn-SBM Control 25% DDGS 25% DDGS + 5.3% RG Uncooked bacon Would purchase 70.68 72.18 47.32 Might or might not purchase 21.05 20.30 29.46 Would not purchase 8.27 7.52 23.21 Cooked bacon Would purchase 68.65 67.67 50.45 Might or might not purchase 24.63 24.81 28.83 Would not purchase 6.72 7.52 20.72

34. Increasing levels of DDGS on Pork Quality abc Means within a row are significantly different (P < 0.05). xy Means within a column are significantly different (P < 0.05). Weimer et al., 2007 Cont. NF Cont. + ~ 3% CWG 10% 20% 30% Belly bending, % Barrows 100 ax 96 ax 91 ax 59 bx 49 bx Gilts 80 ax 82 ax 67 aby 44 bcy 27 cy %BF – loin Separation 25.0 16.7 66.7 75.0 91.7

36. Effect of 30% DDGS withdrawal time on dressing percent JBS United 2007

37. Impact of 25% DDGS Withdrawal and Ractopamine Purdue University 2007 DDGS 0 0 25 25 25-4 25-4 RAC - + - + - + Mkt Wt. 267.4 285.4 260.4 274.6 270.5 280.9 Yield, % 74.7 75.5 74.4 75.3 74.3 75.9 Carcass Wt. 199.7 215.4 193.5 206.8 200.2 213.2

38. Sows and Brat Quality

45. Recommended Use of DDGS in Swine Diets My Maximum Use Recommendations Nursery – 0, 5, 10, 20% Grow-finish – 30, 40, 40, 10% Lactation – 25% Gestation – 50% Increased Lysine use Decreased Threonine, Methionine Dical or Monocal My Optimal Use Recommendations Nursery – 0, 0, 7.5, 15% Grow-finish – 20, 25, 25, 0% Lactation – 10% Gestation – 30%

46. Increasing Wheat Midds in Nursery pig diets De Jong et al., 2011 Wheat midds replaced about 1.2% SBM and 3.8% Corn for every 5% inclusion Corn Soy –Control 0% WM 5% WM 10% WM 20% WM Linear P< 26-52 lb ADG, lb 1.27 1.25 1.25 1.21 0.05 ADFI, lb 2.08 2.08 1.99 1.97 0.004 F/G 1.64 1.66 1.60 1.63 0.36 D 21 wt, lb 52.90 52.43 52.25 51.53 0.01 Bulk Density lb/bu 53.09 50.69 47.80 43.18

47. Increasing wheat midds in Grow-finish pig diets Light midds – 18-20 lb/cu ft; Heavy midds – 22-24 lb/cu ft Cromwell, 1997 Wheat midds (%): 0 10 20 40 60 Light or clean midds Daily gain, lb 1.81 1.78 1.72 1.70 1.59 Daily feed, lb 5.93 6.12 5.99 5.99 5.85 Feed:gain 3.27 3.42 3.49 3.54 3.70 Heavy or starchy midds Daily gain, lb 1.83 1.76 1.83 1.72 1.65 Daily feed, lb 5.99 5.81 5.94 5.72 6.17 Feed:gain 3.27 3.29 3.25 3.35 3.74

48. 20% DDGS and increasing Wheat Midds in Grow-finish Barnes et al., 2010 Corn Soy -Control DDGS + 0% WM DDGS + 10% WM DDGS + 20% WM Linear P< 100-295 lb ADG, lb 2.32 2.29 2.22 2.19 0.01 F/G 3.00 3.06 3.09 3.11 0.01 HCWT 220.7 216.3 210 206.4 0.01

49. Increasing DDGS and increasing Wheat Midds in Grow-finish Barnes et al., 2011 No effect of 4,000 units xylanase to improve growth performance Corn Soy –Control + 2.4% CWG 15% DDGS +6.25% WM +1.2%CWG 30% DDGS +12.5% WM Linear P< 106-270 lb ADG, lb 2.22 2.17 2.12 0.001 F/G 2.86 2.91 3.01 0.001 HCWT 201.3 196.9 192.5 0.001 Yield, % 73.4 73.0 72.4 0.01 Bulk Density -8.2% -16.3%

50. Hominy Feed in Grow-finish Potter et al., 2010 Hominy is the corn bran, germ, and some starch from corn grits/flour industry CP=9.5%, Fat = 4.5%, CF = 2.8% Hominy 0 12.5% 25% 37.5% Linear P< D0-84 ADG, lb 2.24 2.13 2.11 2.05 0.01 ADFI, lb 6.32 5.90 5.91 5.72 0.01 F/G 2.82 2.78 2.80 2.78 0.35 D0 Wt., lb 79.4 78.8 79.4 79.6 0.68 D84 Wt., lb 268.2 257.8 258.9 253.3 0.01

51. Soyhulls in Finishing pig diets Bowers et al., 2000 Soyhulls 0 3 6 9 9 + 4% Fat Signif. Wk 0-4 ADG, lb 2.05 2.19 1.85 1.92 2.14 L 0.04 G:F .310 .326 .310 .306 .337 Q.10 Wk 4-8 ADG, lb 2.02 1.98 1.93 1.90 1.97 L 0.10 G:F .279 .274 .271 .252 .275 L 0.03 Wk 0-8 ADG, lb 2.03 2.08 1.89 1.91 2.05 L 0.01 G:F .294 .295 .288 .276 .302 L 0.02

52. Extrusion of Corn, Sorghum, Wheat or Barley for finishing pigs Hancock et al., 1992 Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext Grd Ext ADG,lb 2.22 2.22 2.19 2.13 2.12 2.09 1.97 1.95 ADFI, lb 6.58 6.29 6.83 6.05 6.80 6.34 6.54 6.30 F/G 2.96 2.83 3.12 2.84 3.21 3.03 3.32 3.23 F/G % Improv. 4.4 9.0 5.6 2.7 DM Dig 86.7 91.4 88.8 90.2 86.0 85.9 75.9 82.4 N Dig 81.8 88.0 79.7 84.4 85.4 85.4 70.5 78.8

58. Thank you!

59. Questions?

62. Comparison of Conventional DDGS and Fractionated Products Conventional Fractionation Process Ethanol 2.8 gal 2.8 gal DDGS 17 lb 7 lb Germ --- 4 lb Fiber/ hull --- 4 lb Corn Oil (2 lb) 2 lb

64. Dakota Gold Product Profiles (As Fed) a Corn ME = 1505 b only 52% DM DDGS DDGS-HP Corn Germ Dakota Bran b SBM, 48% CP CP 26.6 41.0 15.6 13.7 47.5 Lys 0.89 1.19 0.82 ? 3.02 M+C 1.25 1.81 0.74 ? 1.41 Thre 1.01 1.63 0.57 ? 1.85 Tryp 0.28 0.36 0.20 ? 0.68 Fat 9.7 3.0 17.8 8.1 0.5 Fiber 6.1 6.9 5.1 ??? 3.4 ME a 1647 1695 1844 ??? 1533 Phos 0.79 0.37 1.40 0.61 0.69