Running Head: Public Speaking Class 1 Public Speaking Class 3 Each of the two chapters offers very important information. This information shall be summarized into the five most important items derived from each of the chapters as is done below: Chapter Three: The Importance of Listening · When we hear, we choose to filter out the sounds that we are of less meaning to us and pay attention to the more meaningful sounds. · When we listen, we are motivated by a purpose to exert effort to pay attention to something, such as when working, something which we do only at given times. · For a person to listen critically, an activity which goes hand in hand with critical thinking, he/she engages in a systematic thought process to determine whether the message received is sensible enough. · Some of the main ways for developing critical listening are uncovering assumptions, recognizing the differences between facts and opinions, relating new ideas to old ones, being open to new ideas and relying on reason and common sense (Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias, The Importance of Listening, 2011). · To listen ethically entails giving the speaker a fair opportunity to speak make himself clearly understood, and being mindful and respectful of him as well. Chapter Four: Ethics Matter: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking · Based on the ethics pyramid, the three basic concepts of ethics in public speaking are ends (what a person hopes to achieve), means (how a person intends to achieve the outcome he desires) and intention. · For ethics to be exercised efficiently in public speaking, the speaker should be able to strike a balance between these three basic concepts. · Nine principles of ethical communication basically define the moral considerations that are to be made when engaging in communication under public speaking. · What each of these principles have in common is that they acknowledge that while it is necessary for public speakers to speak up/communicate whenever they feel it is necessary, they should do so while considering the impact of their communication to others. · Free speech, which is the right that one has to freely express ideas or information without having to worry about government restrictions or any other limitations as guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution is of importance to a public speaker since public speaking generally entails the passage of information and ideas to the public allowing them to consider multiple points of view (Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias, Ethics Matters: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking, 2011). REFERENCES Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias. (2011). Ethics Matters: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking. In Stand Up, Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking. Flatworld Knowledge. Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias. (2011). The Importance of Listening. In Stand Up, Seak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking. Flatworld Knowledge. ...

1. Running Head: Public Speaking Class 1
Public Speaking Class 3
Each of the two chapters offers very important information.
This information shall be summarized into the five most
important items derived from each of the chapters as is done
below:
Chapter Three: The Importance of Listening
· When we hear, we choose to filter out the sounds that we are
of less meaning to us and pay attention to the more meaningful
sounds.
· When we listen, we are motivated by a purpose to exert effort
to pay attention to something, such as when working, something
which we do only at given times.
· For a person to listen critically, an activity which goes hand in
hand with critical thinking, he/she engages in a systematic
thought process to determine whether the message received is
sensible enough.
· Some of the main ways for developing critical listening are
uncovering assumptions, recognizing the differences between
facts and opinions, relating new ideas to old ones, being open to
new ideas and relying on reason and common sense (Wrench,
Goding, Johnson, & Attias, The Importance of Listening, 2011).
· To listen ethically entails giving the speaker a fair opportunity
to speak make himself clearly understood, and being mindful
and respectful of him as well.
Chapter Four: Ethics Matter: Understanding the Ethics of Public
Speaking
· Based on the ethics pyramid, the three basic concepts of ethics
in public speaking are ends (what a person hopes to achieve),
means (how a person intends to achieve the outcome he desires)
and intention.

2. · For ethics to be exercised efficiently in public speaking, the
speaker should be able to strike a balance between these three
basic concepts.
· Nine principles of ethical communication basically define the
moral considerations that are to be made when engaging in
communication under public speaking.
· What each of these principles have in common is that they
acknowledge that while it is necessary for public speakers to
speak up/communicate whenever they feel it is necessary, they
should do so while considering the impact of their
communication to others.
· Free speech, which is the right that one has to freely express
ideas or information without having to worry about government
restrictions or any other limitations as guaranteed by the First
and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution is of
importance to a public speaker since public speaking generally
entails the passage of information and ideas to the public
allowing them to consider multiple points of view (Wrench,
Goding, Johnson, & Attias, Ethics Matters: Understanding the
Ethics of Public Speaking, 2011).
REFERENCES
Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias. (2011). Ethics Matters:
Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking. In Stand Up,
Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking.
Flatworld Knowledge.
Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias. (2011). The Importance of
Listening. In Stand Up, Seak Out: The Practice and Ethics of
Public Speaking. Flatworld Knowledge.
Finding a Purpose and

3. Selecting a Topic
Section 6.1
General Purposes of Speaking
Getting Specific When we speak of “purpose,” we refer to the
reason why the speech is given.The ancient scholars began
laying out the main purposes that applied to their time in
history. Since then, other scholars have contributed additional
purposes for speaking.Today, we often refer to the general
purposes of speaking: Teaching (informing)Delighting
(entertaining)Swaying (persuading) audiences
Informative Speaking A speech to inform helps audience
members acquire information that they do not already have.
Do or Understand SomethingThe goal is to transmit
knowledge.The informative goal does not encourage people to
think or behave in any specific way.We should take steps not to
blur the line between informing and persuading.
Knowledge Sharing The delivery of information to people who

4. could benefit from it.Knowledge management is a field of study
in which we become more effective at harnessing and
exchanging knowledge.In the professional world, sharing
knowledge is becoming increasingly important.
Five Types of Informative Speeches
Objects A speech related to objects can include:How objects are
designed, How they work, and What they mean.
People A speech about people tend to be biography-
oriented:Emphasize a person’s achievements.How events shaped
their contributions.
Specific EventsA speech about specific events can be either
historic or contemporary. Examples Include:InventionsNatural
disastersInternational episodesFamous crimesArt expos
Concepts A speech about concepts involves ideas and theories.
Examples Include:Big Bang TheoryTheories related to how we
learn Social theories of collective behavior
Issues A speech about issues is about “problems or matters of
dispute.” In speeches about problematic issues, we must be

5. vigilant to remain informative and not lapse into persuasion.
This can be done by discussing all sides of an issue in an even-
handed way.
Technical or Demonstration SpeakingTeaches the audience how
to make somethingHow to do somethingExplains a
processShows how something worksfor example: How to make a
paper airplaneHow to perform CPRHow to complete an online
applicationHow the latest gadget works
Persuasive SpeakingThe goal is to get listeners to embrace a
particular point of view or to adopt a behavior; it calls for
change in thinking or behavior.
Two Types of Persuasion
Pure PersuasionThe speaker honestly believes that the change is
in the best interest of the audience members.The speaker has no
ulterior, or hidden, motive.
Manipulative PersuasionThe speaker urges listeners to change
by misleading them.The speaker is not honest about his or her
real purposes for attempting to persuade the listeners.The
speaker has an ulterior, or hidden, purpose.It is unethical.

6. Persuasion
Persuasion is an attempt to change a listener’s behavior,
attitudes, values, or beliefs.
An attitude is a predisposition toward something as good or bad,
right or wrong; for instance, campus dress codes.
A value is a perception of the usefulness, importance, or worth
of something; for instance, education, or environmental
protections.
A belief is a proposition that something is true or false,
generally without evidence or proof.
Two Types of BeliefsCore beliefs are developed over a lifetime:
belief in a higher power, for instance.Dispositional beliefs are
beliefs people have not necessarily engaged in. They are
judgments made without direct experience.
Entertaining SpeakingNot designed to give an audience a deep
understanding of life; entertaining speeches function as a way to
divert an audience from their day-to-day experience for a short
period of time.
Three Types of Entertaining Speeches
After-Dinner Speaking An after-dinner speech begins with a
serious topic and injects humor.

7. Ceremonial Speaking A ceremonial speech focuses on the
specific context: the occasion. Ceremonial speeches can
include: Introductions of people ToastsEulogiesAward
presentations
Inspirational SpeakingInspirational speeches are based in
emotion with the goal to motivate listeners to alter their lives in
some significant way, such as doing random acts of kindness.
Section 6.2
Selecting a Topic
Selecting a Topic Narrowing to a very specific topic and
adapting to some basic constraints.ConstraintsThe specific
instructions that you must follow as a public speaker; there will
be limitations and restrictions.
Four Common Constraints
Purpose If you are instructed to give a speech to inform, you
may not persuade or entertain.

8. Audience Your topic choice must be of benefit to them. A good
audience analysis should be helpful in making this choice.
Context The context is most often related to a physical setting,
such as a classroom, a political convention, or a church, for
example.
Time Frame If you are to present a ten-minute speech, you must
carefully narrow your topic in order to give a coherent,
substantial speech within that time frame.
Selecting a Broad
Subject AreaSubject Area - A broad area of knowledge (e.g.,
art, business, history, physical sciences, social sciences,
humanities, education).In selecting a broad subject area, choose
one you are interested in investigating.
Narrowing Your TopicA broad subject area is an area such as
art, business, or physical science.Such an area would need to be
narrowed to categories, such as religious art, e-mail, or
biology.These categories must be further narrowed into such
narrow areas as the art of the 19th century Russian Orthodox
Church, e-tail inventory control, or salmon migration in the
Pacific Northwest.

9. Insufficient NarrowingA carefully focused topic is easier to
research, write, and deliver.Sometimes even a much-narrowed
topic is still too broad for your time constraints; it requires
further narrowing.You may find yourself narrowing to the art of
the Russian Orthodox during the reign of a certain tsar, e-tail
inventory control in a specific industry or at a specific well-
known company, or salmon migrations as impacted by
hydroelectric dams.
Four Questions to Help Narrow a TopicDoes the topic match my
intended general purpose?Is the topic appropriate for my
audience?Is the topic appropriate for the given speaking
context?Can I reasonably hope to inform or persuade my
audience in the time frame I have for the speech?
Section 6.3
What if You Draw a Blank?
Three Common Ways of Finding a Topic
Personal InventoryA detailed and descriptive list about an
individual.
Using a Personal Inventory In such an inventory, you answer
questions such as:“What is your major?” “What extracurricular

10. activities have you engaged in?” “What political issues interest
you?” Some inventory items are interesting and could be
developed into a speech.
Finding AidsA tool that will help you find lists of possible
topics.
Best-Selling Book ListsBest-seller lists of books that people are
currently buying. They can show you what topics are interesting
to people.
Polling OrganizationsPolling organizations do research about
Americans’ perceptions of public affairs, business issues, social
issues, and a range of other issues. These polls can help you
know what issues are on people’s minds.
Media OutletsMedia outlets can provide interesting topic ideas.
PBS, the National Geographic Channel, Dateline, and other
channels provide a wide variety of ideas to develop into speech
topics.
The InternetInformation on Internet sites is not always reliable,
but many of the topics are good as long as you do your research
using reliable sources.There are some websites specifically
offered to help people in search of a good speech idea.

11. Poll Your Audience
Ask your audience what they may be interested in or what they
need to know more about.
A Needs AnalysisA set of activities designed to determine your
audience’s needs, wants, wishes, and desires.Patterns of
interests exist in every group.You can identify some patterns
simply by asking.Using a questionnaire is another way to
collect audience information.
Narrowing Your Topic
SampleTopicThe militaryNarrower TopicThe military’s use of
embedded journalistsNarrowed TopicThe death of British
reporter Rupert Hamer in 2010 in a roadside bombing in Nawa,
Afghanistan, along with five US Marines
Additional Samples

12. Informative General PurposeTo informSpecific PurposeTo
inform my audience about the danger of embedded journalism
by focusing on the death of British reporter Rupert Hamer
Additional Samples
PersuasiveGeneral PurposeTo informSpecific PurposeTo inform
my audience about the danger of embedded journalism by
focusing on the death of British reporter Rupert Hamer
Your Specific Statement of PurposeGeneral PurposeTo
persuadeSpecific PurposeTo persuade a group of journalism
students to avoid jobs as embedded journalists by using the
death of British report Rupert Hamer as an example of what can
happen

13. Creating a Specific PurposeStart by naming your general
purpose (to inform, to persuade, or to entertain).A capsule
description of your audience (my peers in class, a group of
kindergarten teachers, etc.)..
SamplesGeneral PurposeAudienceTopicTo informmy
audienceabout the usefulness of scrapbooking to save a family’s
memories.To persuadea group of kindergarten teachersto adopt
a new disciplinary method for their classrooms.To entertaina
group of executivesby describing the lighter side of life in
“cubicle-ville.”To informcommunity membersabout the newly
proposed swimming pool plans that have been adopted.To
persuademy peers in classto vote for me for class president.To
entertainthe guests attending my mother’s birthday partyby
telling a humorous story followed by a toast.

14. Five Basic Tips for Creating Specific Purposes
Audience, Audience, AudienceThink about your intended
audience when choosing your specific purpose.Start off your
sentence by including the words “my audience” or actually
listing the name of your audience: a group of journalism
students, the people in my congregation, my peers in class, etc.
Matching the Rhetorical SituationRhetorical Situation: The set
of circumstances surrounding your speech (e.g., speaker,
audience, text, and context).Making Your Speech
AppropriateAre you the appropriate speaker for a topic?Is the
topic appropriate for your audience?Is the text of your speech is
appropriate?Is the speech is appropriate for the context?
Make it ClearThe specific purpose statement for any speech
should be direct; and not too broad, general, or vague.Avoid
unclear or colloquial language.
Don’t Double UpOnly have one main idea for a speech – do not
try to do too much in one speech.If you find yourself using the
word “and” in your specific topic statement, you’re probably
doubling up on topics.
Can I Really Do This in six to 10 minutes?Can you cover your
specific purpose in the time that you have allotted? How long it

15. would take to make you an informed person on your chosen
topic, or to persuade you to change your behavior or attitudes?
Chapter 5
Technical or Demonstration Speaking
What is it? The speaker shows the audience how to do or make
something.
Topics should include something that the speaker thinks the
audience would find useful, essential, or just fun. How to plan a
partyHow to perform CPRHow to dance the salsa
The ExecutionBegin by grabbing the audience’s attention with a
hookNext, deliver a thesis that gives relevance to the
topicProvide the audience with a list of materials neededGive
examplesPresent the task in chronological orderFinally, give the
audience tools needed to obtain the same repeatable results at
home. (this could be a recipe, a website, etc.)
Visual AidsIt’s important to provide the audience with visual
aids during this speech. Make sure that what you are
demonstrating is visible to all audience members. (This may
require people to move from their seats. If you are filming –
make sure you are visible at all times. If possible – always
provide example of finished products.