1.
1.a Which of TCP or UDP is connection-less? Which of TCP or UDP is connection-oriented?
What is the difference?
b. Name the four components of a process
c.. What is the PCB?
Solution
1.
a.
UDP is connection-less
TCP is connection oriented
TCP is connection oriented – once a connection is established, data can be sent bidirectional.
UDP is a simpler, connectionless Internet protocol.
Multiple messages are sent as packets in chunks using UDP.
TCP rearranges data packets in the order specified.
UDP has no inherent order as all packets are independent of each other. If ordering is required, it
has to be managed by the application layer.
The speed for TCP is slower than UDP.
UDP is faster because there is no error-checking for packets.
There is absolute guarantee that the data transferred remains intact and arrives in the same order
in which it was sent.
There is no guarantee that the messages or packets sent would reach at all.
b.
Components of process are following.
1. Object Program
Code to be executed.
2. Data
Data to be used for executing the program.
3. Resources

2.
While executing the program, it may require some resources.
4. Status
Verifies the status of the process execution.A process can run to completion only when all
requested resources have been allocated to the process. Two or more processes could be
executing the same program, each using their own data and resources.
c.
Process Control Block (PCB, also called Task Controlling Block, process table, Task Struct, or
Switchframe) is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information
needed to manage a particular process. The PCB is "the manifestation of a process in an
operating system".