2. Networking Standards Organizations
• Standards are documented agreements containing technical
specifications
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute) is an organization composed
of more than a thousand representatives from industry and government
who together determine standards for the electronics industry and other
fields, such as chemical and nuclear engineering, health and safety, and
construction
3. • ANSI also represents the United States in setting international
standards
• EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) is a trade organization composed
of representatives from electronics manufacturing firms across the
United States
4. • TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) Focuses on standards
for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and
telephone equipment
• TIA/EIA alliance are its guidelines for how network cable should be
installed in commercial buildings, known as the “TIA/EIA 568-B Series.”
5. • IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), or “I-triple-E,”
is an international society composed of engineering professionals
• IEEE goals are to promote development and education in the electrical
engineering and computer science fields
6. • ISO (International Organization for Standardization), headquartered
in Geneva, Switzerland, is a collection of standards and organizations
representing 148 countries
• ISO’s goal is to establish international technological standards to
facilitate global exchange of information and barrier-free trade
7. • The ITU (InternationalTelecommunication Union) is a specialized
United Nations agency that regulates international
telecommunications, including radio andTV frequencies, satellite
and telephony specifications, networking infrastructure, and tariffs
applied to global communications
8. • ISOC (Internet Society), founded in 1992, is a professional
membership society that helps to establish technical standards for
the Internet
• ISOC oversees groups with specific missions, such as the IAB and IETF
9. • IAB (Internet Architecture Board) is a technical advisory group of
researchers and technical professionals interested in overseeing the
Internet’s design and management
• IETF (Internet EngineeringTask Force), the organization that sets
standards for how systems communicate over the Internet—in
particular, how protocols operate and interact
10. • IANA and ICANN
• Every computer / host on a network must have a unique address
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) kept records of available and
reserved IP addresses and determined how addresses were issued out
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a private,
nonprofit corporation and is now ultimately responsible for IP addressing and
domain name management
11. The OSI Model
• In the early 1980s, ISO began work on a universal set of specifications
that would enable computer platforms across the world to communicate
openly
• This model, called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model,
divides network communications into seven layers:
13. Application Layer
• At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers
• the application layer is the one that is used by network applications.
14. Presentation Layer
• Protocols at the Presentation layer accept Application layer data and
format it
• Serves as a translator and are the standards which are involved in
multimedia
• Presentation layer protocols perform the coding, compression and also
manage data encryption and decryption
15. Session Layer
• Protocols in the Session layer coordinate and maintain communications
between two nodes
• Session refers to a connection for ongoing data exchange between two
parties
16. Transport Layer
• Protocols in theTransport layer accept data from the Session layer and
manage end to-end delivery
• Ensures that the data is transferred from point A to point B reliably, in
the correct sequence, and without errors
17. • WithoutTransport layer services, data could not be verified or
interpreted by its recipient
• Handles flow control
• SomeTransport layer protocols take steps to ensure that data arrives
exactly as it was sent.
18. Network Layer
• Primary function of protocols at the Network layer
• Translate network addresses
• Decide how to route data
• Network layer addresses
• Also called logical addresses or virtual addresses
19. Data Link Layer
• Primary function of protocols is to divide data into distinct frames that can then be
transmitted by the Physical layer
• IEEE has divided the Data Link layer into two sublayers
• Logical Link Control (LLC)
• Media Access Control (MAC)
20. Physical Layer
• Protocols at the Physical layer
• Accept frames from the Data Link layer
• Generate voltage so as to transmit signals
• Receiving data detect voltage and accept signals
• Pass on to the Data Link layer
