1. Tadd Mannino History 141, Spring 2011 Palomar College California Kevin Starr California

2. Chapter TwoMexican California 1821 – Mexican Independence from Spain Alta California becomes a Territory of Mexico Capital in Monterey 1824 – Mexico declares itself a republic 1824 -1848 Mexican period Major themes: Secularization of the Mission system Establishing foreign trade Land Grants Other factors: Influx of non-Mexican residents Ineffectual local politics Threat/inroads of foreign powers

3. Chapter TwoMexican California Missions system 1833 - Mexican Congress passes An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California Provides for colonization of both Alta/Baja California Proceeds from sales of missions to cover costs Decreased power/influence /money and property owned by Catholic Church California settlements small and isolated Far from Mexico & its centralized central power Influx of “outsiders,” (Americans) as settlers

4. Chapter TwoMexican California Land Grants create “The Age of Dons” Mexican Governors cede huge tracts of former Mission landto political favorites Rancho life was a core value in a land with little civic structure Centers of culture, learning, production, social institutions Natives often harshly treated, as in Mission system Ranchos produced goods to trade with Mexico, England, Latin America, USA, Asia Outside contact energizes dynamic changes in California But designs of outsiders a real threat to weak civic government and sparse populations From 1826 on, Americans an increasing, dynamic presence Prior to Mexican American war, talks underway to make California a US territory

5. Chapter FourStriking it RichThe Establishment of an American State Increasing American presence in Alta California 1846 – Bear Flag Revolt John Freemont incites Americans to overthrow weak Mexican rule Takes Sonoma with 33 men Captures Monterey Sails south to San Diego, Los Angeles Republic of California exist for 26 days Freemont takes control under U.S. military Treats Ca. as occupied enemy territory Keeps Mexican Alcalde law U.S. does not recognize Ca. as a “Territory” Would upset free/slave state balance

6. Chapter FourStriking it RichThe Establishment of an American State 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cedes all lands north of Rio Grande to US Military Governors and Alcalde civil law function with low population 1849 pop. – 2000 non-whites in all of Ca. 1849 – Gold! Discovered near Fort Sutter Ushers Ca. through “a rapid, monstrous maturity” 1853 pop – 300,000, primarily males Gold offered hopes, dreams Alcohol, gambling and murder, lynch laws common Weak Alcalde civic govt. overwhelmed

7. Chapter FourStriking it RichThe Establishment of an American State Brigadier Gen. Bennet Riley Last Provincial Military Governor, 1849 Realized military/alcalde system ineffectual Felt US Congress failed to resolve Ca. issues Riley directs citizens to elect representatives to form a constitution and govt. California “trimmed” of Az., N. Mex., Utah and Colo. to negate free/slave issue, declares itself a state in the USA 1850 – US Congress admits Ca. to Union as 31st state General Riley

8. Chapter 7Creating the Infrastructure of a Mega-State 1890s – 1930s, 40 years of massive infrastructure growth Water! ⅔ of all rain falls in ⅓ of state, N. Ca 1900 – 40% of pop. in San Fran and LA LA – Wm. Mullholland creates 6 yr. LA Aqueduct project 235 miles of canals, conduits, tunnels San Fran – Michael O’Shaughnessy, 11 yr. plan 4 dams, 5 reservoirs, 100 miles of pipe, 60 tunnels Water/Hydroelectric power can support 4 million people in both LA and San Fran Unforeseen environmental costs Loss of Hetch Hetchy Canyon for reservoir Flooding of Salton Sink through canal failure

9. Chapter 7Creating the Infrastructure of a Mega-State 1893 Chicago World’s Fair - “City Beautiful” movement Ca. heavily influenced 1906 – Post-quake San Fran rebuilds under direction of Daniel Burham, “City Beautiful” founder Envisions city in “Neo-Classical splendor” UC Berkley and Stanford University expand greatly 1915 – San Diego, Panama-California Exposition Site becomes Balboa Park Envisioned SD as “Naples of N. Hemisphere” Italianate/Spanish themed buildings, plazas, palm-lined streets, hills, sea and sky Both cities use architecture/city design to create/invent a mythic past and exciting future These styles influenced California building and attitude for decades

10. Chapter 7Creating the Infrastructure of a Mega-State 1920s – Boom times for Ca Jobs – RRs, Aqueduct projects, Agriculture, construction New opportunities – tourism, Movie Industry Navy, USMC to San Diego 1930s – Great Depression Federal Public Works Projects continue growth Hoover Dam, brings more water, power to S Ca. Central Valley Project – dams, canals, irrigation Roads Caldecott Tunnel, links Oakland to Contra Costa Co. Bay Bridge – links San Francisco and Oakland Golden Gate Bridge – links San Francisco to Marin Co. Many small banks open loans to locals Bank of Italy, Security Trust, Wells Fargo, Bank of Ca. Helped lessen impacts of Depression on California Foundations are set for California’s future