Innovation Leadership and its formal preparation, the most recent focus in education reform to improve schools to serve all students well. Inter-institutional collaborations in program delivery and evaluation drives these new directions and forms of innovation.
Course Outline
Introduction
Innovation, Leadership, Innovation Leadership, Why Innovation Leadership in Education?
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
Leading Innovation in Education
Innovation Leadership Checklist
The Future Of Innovative Education
Latest Trends in Leading Innovation in K12 Education
Nine Things That Will Change
Innovation
Innovation means first different, then better. It is a fundamentally different way of doing things with better, and perhaps different, outcomes.
Both the 'different' and the 'better' must be significant and substantial.
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Certified ‘Train the Trainer’ & Kaizen
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Provides Technical Consulting Services on
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Century Manufacturing.
An Innovative Engineer that innovates by
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4. Introduction
Innovation, Leadership, Innovation
Leadership, Why Innovation Leadership in
Education?
21st Century Shift in Leadership &
Skills
Leading Innovation in Education
Innovation Leadership Checklist
The Future Of Innovative Education
Latest Trends in Leading Innovation in
K12 Education
Nine Things That Will Change
20172017
Course OutlineCourse Outline
5. Innovation
Innovation means first different,
then better. It is a fundamentally
different way of doing things with
better, and perhaps different,
outcomes.
Both the 'different' and the 'better'
must be significant and
substantial.
6. ‘‘But if you define innovation as doing things radically
differently rather than just doing them well, right now many
of the best charters are triumphs of execution rather than
Innovation’’. Washor's piece for The Huffington Post,
published in October, 2009:
7. Therefore, to innovate is to question the 'box' in which we
operate and to innovate outside of it as well as within.”
Innovation
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
9. When it comes to education,
what does the word Innovation
mean to you?
10. “Innovation in education should be defined as
making it easier for teachers and students to
do the things THEY want to do.
These are the innovations that succeed, scale and sustain.”
– Rob Abel, USA
Innovation in Education
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
11. Educators need to think of innovation as those
actions that significantly challenge key
assumptions about schools and the way they
operate.
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
Innovation in Education
12. “a process of intentional influence with the ability to
motivate others to gain support to achieve a common goal ”
Good leaders…made or born?
Good leaders are made.
Effective Leader-
desire and will power through a
never ending process of self-study,
education, training, and
experience .
(Jago, 1982).
To inspire…., you must:- be, know
and, do.
Leadership
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
13. Innovation Leadership and its formal preparation, the
most recent focus in education reform to improve
schools to serve all students well.
Inter-institutional
collaborations in
program delivery and
evaluation drives these
new directions and forms
of innovation.
14. In recent years, schools have charted new direction in
their graduate leadership preparation programs using
innovative approaches to: student selection,
content,
instructional strategies
and
field experiences
to address new priorities
for leadership.
15. Driving Innovation and Collaboration
-helps your organization
become
- successful in identifying new
ideas, implementing and
integrating them into
operations.
You must engrain this cycle into the DNA of your
organization.
16. Innovations – commonly thought of as new and game
changing. However many innovations are merely
improvements on something that already exists.
Its important to create a
culture of innovation
within your organization,
- which means,
supporting productive
failure.
17. Huge improvements made by charter schools and
organizations in traditional outcomes for students,
most are not new or different.
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
Many of the proposed
improvements in
teacher education &
evaluation, student
assessment, and
school design in
traditional public
schools do not seem
to be novel.
18. ‘We need
solutions that
are both
different and
better.’
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
Yet the challenges in improving learning and life
outcomes require true Innovation.
As Washor states,
19. If we redesign schools to get better results on
20th-century outcomes, our students will be poorly
served.
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
20. Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
most
inventions
commonplace
today are
results of
thousands of
iterations
based both on
success and
failure.
22. A brand new generation of
institutional leaders is taking the
reins. The world has continued to
shrink and is much smaller.
Technology continued an unabated,
unchecked progression; what is
now futuristic has become
commonplace.
Blink . . ten years pass by. It’s now 2017!.
Complexity is the daily norm, and CHANGE the only constant.
Opportunities, problems and grand challenges abound.
23. The answer has everything
to do with Education . . . or
how education is adapted
to the realities and
wonderful opportunities of
the not-too-distant future.
Will this new generation of leaders be innovators,
or followers?..., strong, resilient problem solvers,
or servants of the status quo?
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
24. If core competencies are assumed
(engineers need to engineer,
accountants need to account,
writers need to write and so on…)
What do educators need to provide for the next
generation of positive, innovative leaders?
What will be the key elements
of an education that might help
students become life-long
learners, successful in
multiple, varied career paths?
25.
26.
27.
28. or, Should we play it safe and have them
attend schools that look like the schools we
attended 30 years ago and our parents 60 years
ago and grandparents, 90 years ago?
Is it better for students to be involved in innovative
practices than participate in highly effective
traditional programs?
Currently, most schools are not much
different than the one our grandparents
attended in the 1920s!.
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
29. Take 5!
Recent Trends in K-12 Education
Some say that this change has been a
long time coming.
Innovation Leadership inInnovation Leadership in
EducationEducation
There is an analogy that uses fairy
tale character Rip van Winkle to
describe this;
30. Near to the town, in a small cottage, lived Rip
Van Winkle, known to all as a harmless,
drinking, shiftless lout, who never would work..,
but roamed about,
always ready with
jest and song-Idling,
tippling all day long.
31. He was a character in
a Washington Irving
short story who went to
sleep before the
American War of
Independence.
He went to sleep to run away from his nagging
wife, and woke up to find that his wife had
died,...
32. He woke up twenty years later, after the
war and found himself in an independent
US A.
33. Recent Trends in K-12 Education
Rip van Winkle has just woken up from his 100
year slumber and stares in amazement about
how much everything has changed in the time
that he was asleep,
He almost did
not recognize
anything, until he
went into a
classroom.
34. Recent Trends in K-12 Education
…. nothing much
has changed in
the K-12
educational system
since he fell asleep
in 1906.
When Rip van Winkle went to a classroom,
he recognized immediately that it was a
classroom because…..
36. Innovation Leadership in Education
A technique that combines different leadership styles to
influence to produce creative ideas, innovative products
and services.
In recent years, schools have
charted new approaches in leading
Innovation by transforming :
Yourself, your Students and your
School to cultivate the habits and
mindsets of innovators, to open the
floodgates of creativity and
generate ideas that you can take
with confidence.
Dr. David Gliddon (2006) developed the competency model of innovation leaders and
established the concept of innovation leadership at Penn State University.
37. As an approach to
organization development,
innovation
leadership can be used to
support the achievement of
the mission or vision of an
organization or school.
Innovation Leadership
In an ever changing world with new technologies and
processes, it is becoming necessary to think innovatively in
order to ensure their continued success and stay competitive.
38. Once affirmed, it needs to be able
to be articulated by all.
- when achieved, all can then align
their efforts behind the vision and
through self-reference and
development the school will reach.
Translated into reality by means of
a Teaching Framework or belief
system.
Successful schools have a clear sense of direction
through Vision Statement. – shared & derived through a
visioning process involving all members of the school.
39. To be the center of excellence,To be the center of excellence,
renown internationally forrenown internationally for
Innovative EducationalInnovative Educational
LeadershipLeadership
exceeding expectation of 21exceeding expectation of 21stst
Century National Standards put
forward By the Teacher
Training Agency
41. What You Can Do to become
Stronger Innovation Leaders in
Your School, and…
...What are we doing
to do more
of and
become better at…
42. What makes some individuals, and organizations
they lead, more innovative than others?
They ask provocative
questions that
challenge the status
quo.
They observe the
world like
anthropologists to
detect new ways of
doing things.
43. Three key elements that consistently drive
innovation in Leadership (what we call the 3Ps)
are;
People,
Processes, and
Philosophies
Innovative School leadership
that makes some individuals, and the people they
lead, more innovative than others.
44. Entrepreneurs, inventors, and other innovators
around the world created and sustained high-
performing cultures of innovation by;
building their people,
processes and
philosophies around five
fundamental “discovery
skills”- Five Core Skills of
Innovators
Five Core Skills of Innovators
46. “Nearly two-thirds (63 percent)
of school administrators who
responded to a recent survey
said 1:1 computing classrooms
where teachers act as a coach
for students are the future of
education.” (T.H.E Journal)
Heidi Hayes Jacobs:
”If you’re not updating your curriculum,
you are saying that nothing is changing.”
47. “Innovative teaching supports students’ development
of the skills that will help them thrive in future life and
work.” (IT Research)
48. 21st
Century Careers
A need to keep yourself current, resilient through continuous
learning, as well as connected to your values is the career of
the 21st century.
All about CHANGE, in our
-thinking, -strategies &
-behaviors to those that
work in the new ever-
changing & challenging
environment to meet the
challenges of the times.
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
49. The 21st
century shift- Innovative Thinking
-a new call, a shift from 20th
century of traditional view
of organizational practices,
which discouraged
employee innovative
behaviors to:-
- valuing innovative thinking
as a “potentially powerful
influence on organizational
performance”.
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
50. CHANGE
The only Constant that stays in
today’s era. To stay competitive,
-manage the present and plan the
future.
Without Change for the better
(Kaizen), there will be no
Continuous Improvement to be
Competitive in the current Global
competition.
IMPROVEMENTIMPROVEMENT
WITHOUTWITHOUT
ENDINGENDING
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
51. 21st
Century Skills
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
The ability to adapt and change to use these
new tools has become even more important.
Educators often
hear the phrase
“21st Century
Teaching and
Learning. It
means (the new
“5 C’s” of
Education)
52. 21st
Century Skills
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
As technology becomes more integral in our lives and in
order to adapt, we need to teach students to use technology;
efficiently and effectively, ethically, appropriately and
respectfully to solve problems, and think creatively.
53. Creativity and Innovation
Critical thinking, problem solving, decision-making
Learning to learn, meta-cognition (knowledge about
cognitive processes)
21st
Century Skills -Ways of Thinking
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
56. Citizenship –local & global
Life and career
Personal & social responsibility –including
cultural awareness & competence
21st
Century Skills - Living in the World
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
57. Current problems and circumstances are so complex,
they don’t fit previous patterns now.
We don’t
recognize the
situation and
can’t
automatically
know what to
do.
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
58. We examine and analyze
the situation, looking for
logic.
Unfortunately, this
analysis and rational
decision-making has
serious limitations.
The pressure to adapt is the need to innovate.
But how? When faced with confusion or a problem,
our instinct is to repair it with order.
21st Century Shift in Leadership & Skills
59. Consider the 5C's.
CRITICAL THINKING
COMMUNICATE
COLLABORATE
COMMUNICATE &
CONNECT
‘If a Child can’t learn the way we teach, maybe
we should ‘teach the way they learn’.
Leading Innovation in Education
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
60. To make effective sense of
unfamiliar situations and
complex challenges, we
must have a grasp of the
whole situation, its
variables, unknowns and
mysterious forces.
What worked before doesn’t work today.
This requires skills beyond everyday analysis.
It requires Innovation Leadership.
Leading Innovation in Education
61. To‘teach the way they learn’ requires innovation
in education incorporating 21st
Century Skills &
new teaching methodology.
62. Innovation Leadership: Change How You Interact
Here’s an
innovation
leadership
checklist to
make it easier!
Leading Innovation in Leadership
Requires a new way of thinking.
Leadership and commitment at all
levels.
Training in current 21st Century Skills
& methods.
Incorporating 21st
Century skills in the
Classroom.
Upgrade your Lessons to 21st
Century
Skill & Literacy
Implementation of 21st
Century in
Resource Management
– Just do it!
Need to do more than talk.
63. 1. Elevate your self-confidence and park
your ego.
Trust that your position as leader is strengthened
when you exhibit innovation leadership — the
welcoming of ideas.
If you are insecure
when others’ talents
shine, you will
squash the spirit of
innovation.
Innovation Checklist
64. The biggest mistake in innovation leadership, is
lack of empowerment.
Leaders delegate and think that will engage
employees.
It won’t. Delegation is
not empowerment.
Delegation
communicates, stay in
line.
Innovation Checklist
65. 2. Don’t delegate. Empower!
To get people to complain less and innovate
more, share power. People complain when they
feel helpless to change things.
Delegation tells them that
you are still in power.
Empowerment gives them
a true voice and
accountability for results.
Innovation Checklist
66. 3. Educate them on the true organization picture.
Un-empowered people see and verbalize what
they are feeling. Share the bigger picture.
Example: a technical
support dept. in a
School system had
uninspired staffs who
complained about
the work load, the
students’ attitudes,
and the stress.
Innovation Checklist
67. The leader began rotating the tech support staffs out into the
school and classes to see the impact that broken technology
has on students. This transformed the staffs’ attitudes and
actions on;
Innovation Checklist
leading change,
staff engagement,
teamwork, and
delivering the ultimate customer
service.
It turns interaction obstacles into
interpersonal success.
68. 4. Make it safe to innovate.
Are you a harsh realist that slams ideas that seem
odd? If you want people to suggest ideas, welcome
the ideas.
It doesn’t mean
each idea will
work.
It doesn’t mean
each idea will be
implemented.
Innovation Checklist
69. 4. Make it safe to innovate.
Encourage ideas and applaud the courage the
employees show in suggestions.
Innovation Checklist
True innovators know
that innovation is not
pretty at the start.
70. 5. Check your beliefs. One leadership team realized that
they believed employees had to earn the right to innovate
and make suggestions.
Innovation Checklist
They reached out to top performers, not to
everyone.
As we worked
through their beliefs,
they realized that
employee
engagement is not
an award you give
to top performers.
71. Employee engagement and empowerment are
how you foster top performance.
Innovation Checklist
It’s how you get less
complaints and more
actionable ideas.
Empower and engage!
72. Imagine an 'Education Nation,' a learning society
where the education of children and adults is the
highest national priority, on par with a strong
economy, high employment, and national security,
-where learners also take
advantage of informal
experiences offered
through museums,
libraries, churches, youth
groups, and parks as well
as via the media.
Leading Innovation in Leadership
74. Latest Trends in leading Innovation in K-12
Education
Thankfully, educators are starting to change with the
times.
The trend in K-12 education
these days is that learning
institutions should try their
best to keep up with the
recent advances in
technology to better teach
their students.
75. The computer and the internet's evolution these past
few years have been staggeringly fast..
A computer that
used to fill an entire
building in 1965 has
about the same
computing power as
a modern-day smart
phone.
76. Most of the popular forms of media like TV, radio, and
print are slowly being nudged from their pedestal by
the internet.
Everything seems to
have changed
drastically these
years, and this
includes the K-12
education system.
78. As technology is rapidly changing the world around us,
many people worry that technology will replace human
intelligence.
Some educators worry that
there will be no students to
teach anymore in the near
future as technology might
take over a lot of tasks and
abilities that we have been
teaching our students for
decades.
79. Here are 9 things that will shape the future of
education during the next 20 years.
The thing is: Education will never disappear. It will
just take up different forms.
1. Diverse time and place.
2. Personalized learning.
3. Free choice.
4. Project based.
5. Field experience.
6. Data interpretation.
7. Exams will change completely.
8. Student ownership.
9. Mentoring will become more
important.
80. Students will have more opportunities to learn at different
times in different places. eLearning tools facilitate
opportunities for remote, self-paced learning.
1.Diverse time and place.
Classrooms will be flipped,
which means the
theoretical part is learned
outside the classroom,
whereas the practical part
shall be taught face to face,
interactively.
81. 2. Personalized learning.
Students will learn with study tools that adapt to
the capabilities of a student.
This means above
average students shall
be challenged with
harder tasks and
questions when a
certain level is
achieved.
82. 2. Personalized learning.
This can result in to positive learning experiences
and will diminish the amount of students losing
confidence about their academic abilities.
Furthermore, teachers
will be able to see clearly
which students need
help in which areas.
83. 2. Personalized learning.
Students who experience difficulties with a subject
will get the opportunity to practice more until they
reach the required level.
Students will be
positively reinforced
during their individual
learning processes.
84. 3.Free choice.
Though every subject that is taught aims for the
same destination, the road leading towards that
destination can vary per student.
Similarly to the
personalized learning
experience, students will
be able to modify their
learning process with
tools they feel are
necessary for them.
85. 3.Free choice.
Students will learn with different devices, different
programs and techniques based on their own
preference.
Blended learning,
flipped classrooms
and BYOD (Bring Your
Own Device) form
important terminology
within this change.
86. 4. Project based.
As careers are adapting to the future freelance
economy, students of today will adapt to project
based learning and working.
This means they
have to learn how
to apply their skills
in shorter terms to a
variety of situations.
87. 4. Project based.
Students should already get acquainted with
project based learning in high school.
This is when
organizational,
collaborative, and time
management skills can
be taught as basics
that every student can
use in their further
academic careers.
88. Projects can show students how diverse disciplines as
English, Science and Math are interrelated - can be
developed to accommodate almost any curriculum.
For example,
A science teacher builds an
Electrolyzer with the students to
demonstrate Electrolysis of water to
its gases form. They learned all the
skills of the built they were engaged
in the process.
They enjoyed the build of the project and gained confidence in
their abilities.
PBL: Leading Innovation in Schools
90. 5. Field experience.
Because technology can facilitate more efficiency
in certain domains, curricula will make room for
skills that solely require human knowledge and
face-to-face interaction. Thus,
experience in
‘the field’ will be
emphasized
within courses.
91. 5. Field experience.
Schools will provide more opportunities for students
to obtain real-world skills that are representative to
their jobs.
This means curricula will
create more room for
students to fulfill
internships, mentoring
projects and
collaboration projects
(e.g.).
92. 6. Data interpretation.
Computers will soon take care of every statistical
analysis, and describe and analyze data and
predict future trends.
Therefore, the human
interpretation of these
data will become a
much more important
part of the future
curricula.
93. 6. Data interpretation.
Though mathematics is considered one of three
literacy, it is without a
doubt that the
manual part of
this literacy will
become
irrelevant in the
near future.
94. 6. Data interpretation.
Applying the theoretical
knowledge to numbers,
and using human
reasoning to infer logic
and trends from these
data will be the norm.
Data interpretation will become a fundamental new
aspect of this literacy.
95. 7. Exams will change completely.
As courseware platforms will assess students
capabilities at each step, measuring their
competencies through Q&A might become irrelevant,
or might not suffice.
Many argue that exams
are now designed in
such a way, that
students cram their
materials, and forget the
next day.
96. 7. Exams will change completely.
Educators worry that exams might not validly
measure what students should be capable of when
they enter their first job.
As the factual
knowledge of a student
can be measured during
their learning process,
the application of their
knowledge is best tested
when they work on
projects in the field.
97. 8. Student ownership.
Students will become more and more involved in
forming their curricula.
Maintaining a curriculum
that is contemporary, up-
to-date and useful is only
realistic when
professionals as well as
‘youngsters’ are involved.
98. 8. Student ownership.
Critical input
from students
on the content
and durability of
their courses is
a must for an
all-embracing
study program.
99. 9. Mentoring will become more important.
In 20 years, students will incorporate so much
independence into their learning process,
that mentoring
will become
fundamental to
student success.
100. 9. Mentoring will become more important.
Though the future of
education seems
remote, the teacher
and educational
institution are vital to
academic
performance.
Teachers will form a central point in the jungle of
information that our students will be paving their
way through performance.
101. Latest Trends in K-12 Education
Thankfully, educators are starting to change with the
times.
The trend in K-12 education
these days is that learning
institutions should try their
best to keep up with the
recent advances in
technology to better teach
their students.
102. The computer and the internet's evolution these past
few years have been staggeringly fast..
A computer that
used to fill an entire
building in 1965 has
about the same
computing power as
a modern-day smart
phone.
103. Most of the popular forms of media like TV, radio, and
print are slowly being nudged from their pedestal by
the internet.
Everything seems to
have changed
drastically these
years, and this
includes the K-12
education system.
105. List down what have you learned from this seminar
on Innovation Leadership & Innovative changes that
you can practice and apply at your School.
and
Discuss this tomorrow
during the Reflection
session.
What are the expected Results /Outcomes of this
application?
106.
107. To all Education Leaders
adopting technology to
lead Innovation in schools
Timothy Wooi
Certified HRDF Trainer /
Innovative Lean Consultant &
Kaizen Specialist
Notas do Editor
ED Soliman Please text us at 09175147952.
In recent years, some schools of education have charted new direction in the mission and purpose of their graduate leadership preparation programs and used innovative approaches to student selection, content, instructional strategies and field experiences to address new priorities for leadership.
Inter-institutional collaborations in program delivery and evaluation drives these new directions and forms of innovation.
In recent years, some schools of education have charted new direction in the mission and purpose of their graduate leadership preparation programs and used innovative approaches to student selection, content, instructional strategies and field experiences to address new priorities for leadership.
Inter-institutional collaborations in program delivery and evaluation drives these new directions and forms of innovation.
Innovations are commonly thought of as new and game changing. However, many innovations are improvements on something that already exists. It is important to create a culture of innovation within your organization, which means supporting productive failure.
Innovations are commonly thought of as new and game changing. However, many innovations are improvements on something that already exists. It is important to create a culture of innovation within your organization, which means supporting productive failure.
is a philosophy and technique that combines different leadership styles to influence employees to produce creative ideas, products, and services. The key role in the practice of innovation leadership is the innovation leader.[1] Dr. David Gliddon (2006) developed the competency model of innovation leaders and established the concept of innovation leadership at Penn State University.
Unlike most educational policy, the focus is not focus on improving existing educational systems but on changing them altogether. Its focus is not on doing things better, but on doing better things; not on doing things right, but on doing the right things to prepare students for a fast changing interdependent world.
This new call for innovation represents the shift from the 20th century, traditional view of organizational practices, which discouraged employee innovative behaviors, to the 21st century view of valuing innovative thinking as a “potentially powerful influence on organizational performance”.
Constant change is essential in today’s era.
To stay competitive, you must simultaneously manage the present and plan the future.
The problem is, you can’t have the same people doing both jobs.
If present time People with operational responsibilities are asked to think about the future, they will kill it.
Without Change for the better (Kaizen), there will be no Continuous Improvement to be Competitive in the current Global competition.
As technology becomes more integral in our lives, the ability to adapt and change to use these new tools has become even more important. Educators often hear the phrase “21st Century Teaching and Learning. It means (the new “3 C’s” of education)
As technology becomes more integral in our lives, the ability to adapt and change to use these new tools has become even more important. Educators often hear the phrase “21st Century Teaching and Learning. It means (the new “3 C’s” of education)
Requires a new way of thinking.
Leadership and commitment at all levels.
Training in current 21st Century Skills & methods.
Incorporating 21st Century skills in the Classroom.
Upgrade your Lessons to 21st Century Skill & Literacy
Implementation of 21st Century in Resource Management
– Just do it!
Need to do more than talk.
Requires a new way of thinking.
Leadership and commitment at all levels.
Training in current 21st Century Skills & methods.
Incorporating 21st Century skills in the Classroom.
Upgrade your Lessons to 21st Century Skill & Literacy
Implementation of 21st Century in Resource Management
– Just do it!
Need to do more than talk.
School-based management (SBM) is the decentralization of levels of authority to the school level. Responsibility and decision-making over school operations is transferred to principals, teachers, parents, sometimes students, and other school community members. The school-level actors, however, have to conform to, or operate, within a set of centrally determined policies.
SBM programs take on many different forms, both in terms of who has the power to make decisions as well as the degree of decision-making devolved to the school level. While some programs transfer authority to principals or teachers only, others encourage or mandate parental and community participation, often in school committees (sometimes known as school councils). In general, SBM programs transfer authority over one or more of the following activities: budget allocation, hiring and firing of teachers and other school staff, curriculum development, textbook and other educational material procurement, infrastructure improvement, setting the school calendar to better meet the specific needs of the local community, and monitoring and evaluation of teacher performance and student learning outcomes. SBM also includes school-development plans, school grants, and sometimes information dissemination of educational results (otherwise known as ‘report cards’).
Starting in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, SBM programs have been implemented and are currently being developed in a number of countries, including Hong Kong (China). The majority of the SBM projects in the current World Bank portfolio are in Latin American and South Asian countries, including Argentina, Bangladesh, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Mexico, and Sri Lanka. There are also two Bank-supported SBM projects in Europe and Central Asia (in FYR Macedonia and in Serbia and Montenegro), and one each in East Asia and the Pacific (the Philippines), the Middle East and North Africa (Lebanon), and Sub-Saharan Africa (Lesotho). Other projects and programs have been introduced more recently in Madagascar, the Gambia, and Senegal.
Why is school-based management important?
Advocates of SBM assert that it should improve educational outcomes for a number of reasons. First, it improves accountability of principals and teachers to students, parents and teachers. Accountability mechanisms that put people at the center of service provision can go a long way in making services work and improving outcomes by facilitating participation in service delivery, as noted in the World Bank’s 2004 World Development Report, Making Services Work for Poor People. Second, it allows local decision-makers to determine the appropriate mix of inputs and education policies adapted to local realities and needs.
Impact of school-based management
Evaluations of SBM programs offer mixed evidence of impacts. Nicaragua’s Autonomous School Program gives school-site councils – comprised of teachers, students and a voting majority of parents – authority to determine how 100 percent of school resources are allocated and authority to hire and fire principals, a privilege that few other school councils in Latin America enjoy. Two evaluations found that the number of decisions made at the school level contributed to better test scores (King and Ozler 1998; Ozler 2001). Mexico’s compensatory education program provides extra resources to disadvantaged rural primary schools and all indigenous schools, thus increasing the supply of education. However, the compensatory package has several components. If one breaks the intervention up in its multiple components, then it is shown that empowering parent associations seems to have a substantial effect in improving educational outcomes, even when controlling for the presence of beneficiaries of Mexico’s large and successful conditional cash transfer program (Oportunidades, formerly Progressa). This is strong evidence of the positive effects of decentralizing education to the lower levels (Gertler, Patrinos and Rubio forthcoming). Various evaluations of SBM programs in the United States have found evidence of decreased dropout and student suspension rates but no impact on test scores.
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