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Bioinformática
ORIGEM 
• 1970 
• 1980 
• ATUAL
ANOS 70 - THE CENTRAL DOGMA & BIOLOGICAL DATA 
Expressed DNA sequences 
( = mRNA Sequences 
= cDNA sequences) 
Expressed Sequence Tags 
(ESTs) 
Protein structures 
-Experiments 
-Models (homologues) 
Literature information 
Original DNA Sequences 
(Genomes) 
Protein Sequences 
-Inferred 
-Direct sequencing
ANOS 80 - OS DATABASES
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR 
BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 
Bethesda,MD 
Created in 1988 as a part of the 
National Library of Medicine at NIH
WEB ACCESS: WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV 
New Homepage 
New pages! 
Common footer
PRIMARY VS. DERIVATIVE SEQUENCE 
DATABASES 
Sequencing 
Centers 
TATATGACTCAGGTCACTGAGTCACTGAGCCG 
GenBank 
Labs 
Algorithms 
TATAGCCG 
AGCTCCGATA 
CCGATGACAA 
UniGene 
Curators 
RefSeq 
Genome 
Assembly 
Updated 
continually 
by NCBI 
Updated ONLY 
by submitters
TRADITIONAL GENBANK RECORD 
ACCESSION U07418 
VERSION U07418.1 GI:466461 
Accession 
•Stable 
•Reportable 
•Universal 
Version 
Tracks changes in sequence 
GI number 
NCBI internal use 
well annotated 
the sequence is the data
ATUALIDADE 
O FAMOSO PROGRAMA: BLAST
UTILIDADE 
• A COMPARAÇÃO DE SEQUÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS É 
UMA DAS MAIS IMPORTANTES OPERAÇÕES DA 
BIOINFORMÁTICA. ORGANISMOS RECÉM-SEQUENCIADOS 
SÃO COMPARADOS COM 
ORGANISMOS JÁ SEQUENCIADOS, A FIM DE SE 
DETERMINAR AS SUAS FUNÇÕES E 
PROPRIEDADES. 
• SE DUAS SEQUÊNCIAS DE DNA SÃO SIMILARES, A 
CHANCE DE ELAS TEREM FUNÇÕES GENÉTICAS 
SEMELHANTES SÃO MAIORES.
MECANISMO 
• EM TERMOS MATEMÁTICOS, PODEMOS DIZER QUE A DISTÂNCIA D (X, Y) É O MENOR NÚMERO DE 
OPERAÇÕES DE INSERÇÃO, REMOÇÃO, SUBSTITUIÇÃO, CAPAZES DE TRANSFORMAR A SEQUÊNCIA X 
NA SEQUÊNCIA Y. 
• O PROGRAMA BLAST NÃO PROCURA CONDUZIR UMA COMPARAÇÃO DA EXTENSÃO TOTAL DAS 
MOLÉCULAS COMPARADAS, MAS APENAS IDENTIFICAR, NO BANCO DE DADOS, A PRESENÇA DE UMA 
SEQUÊNCIA SUFICIENTEMENTE PARECIDA COM A PESQUISADA.
EXEMPLO 
• É INTERESSANTE VERIFICAR QUE SE UTILIZÁSSEMOS UM NUCLEOTÍDEO, "A" POR EXEMPLO, PARA 
PESQUISAR SEQUÊNCIAS HUMANAS, A CHANCE DE ENCONTRARMOS UMA REGIÃO HOMÓLOGA SERIA 
IGUAL A 1 (100%). 
• SE A NOSSA SEQUÊNCIA PESQUISADA FOSSE MAIS COMPLEXA, 144 BASES POR EXEMPLO, A CHANCE 
DE ENCONTRARMOS UMA SEQUÊNCIA PERFEITAMENTE IDÊNTICA SERIA PEQUENA. 
• O VALOR DE "E" , UM PARÂMETRO CALCULADO PELO BLAST, EXPRESSA ESSA DIFICULDADE E, QUANTO 
MENOR SEU VALOR, MENOR A CHANCE DE TAL COMPARAÇÃO TER SIDO ENCONTRADA POR PURA 
COINCIDÊNCIA.
ALINHAMENTO GLOBAL 
• O ALINHAMENTO GLOBAL CONSISTE EM ALINHAR DUAS SEQUÊNCIAS POR INTEIRO, NA QUAL OS 
ALINHAMENTOS COM MAIORES ESCORES SÃO CONSIDERADOS OS MELHORES.
ALINHAMENTO LOCAL 
• POR OUTRO LADO, O ALINHAMENTO LOCAL PROCURA POR REGIÕES DE ALTA SIMILARIDADE DENTRO 
DAS SEQUÊNCIAS, MOSTRANDO COM ISSO, REGIÕES QUE POSSAM TER SE CONSERVADO AO LONGO DA 
EVOLUÇÃO, BEM COMO REGIÕES QUE POSSAM TER FUNÇÕES SEMELHANTES EM GENES DIFERENTES DE 
DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES.
E ONDE A COMPUTAÇÃO ENTRA NISSO?
Bioinformática
CRIAÇÃO 
 CRIADA POR LARRY WALL EM 1987 
 ORIGINÁRIA DO SHELL SCRIPTING, 
AWK, SED E A LINGUAGEM C
PONTOS FORTES 
 ESTÁVEL E MULTIPLATAFORMA 
 ARRAYS INDEXADOS E ASSOCIATIVOS 
 PROCESSAMENTO DE CADEIA (STRINGS) E PATTERN MATCHING ATRAVÉS DE 
EXPRESSÕES REGULARES 
 ADEQUADA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO UTILIZANDO METODOLOGIAS ÁGEIS. 
 ALOCAÇÃO DE MEMÓRIA AUTOMÁTICA 
 GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 
 MULTIPARADIGMA
PONTOS FRACOS 
 O CÓDIGO É DIFÍCIL DE LER/PERCEBER E PODE TORNAR-SE DEMASIADO 
OBSCURO 
ESCALAR ARRAY HASH 
 NÃO TEM SUPORTE FÁCIL PARA ESTRUTURAS
PROJETO GENOMA HUMANO
BIBLIOGRAFIA 
• CASEY, R. M. (2005). "BLAST SEQUENCES AID IN GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS". BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE 
NETWORK. 
• ALTSCHUL, STEPHEN; GISH, WARREN; MILLER, WEBB; MYERS, EUGENE; LIPMAN, DAVID (1990)."BASIC 
LOCAL ALIGNMENT SEARCH TOOL".JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 215 (3): 403–410. 
• MOODY, GLYN (2004). DIGITAL CODE OF LIFE: HOW BIOINFORMATICS IS REVOLUTIONIZING SCIENCE, 
MEDICINE, AND BUSINESS. 
• DESCARTES, ALLIGATOR; BUNCE, TIM (2000).PROGRAMMING THE PERL DBI : [DATABASE PROGRAMMING 
WITH PERL] (1 ED.). BEIJING [U.A.]: O'REILLY.

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Bioinformática

  • 2. ORIGEM • 1970 • 1980 • ATUAL
  • 3. ANOS 70 - THE CENTRAL DOGMA & BIOLOGICAL DATA Expressed DNA sequences ( = mRNA Sequences = cDNA sequences) Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) Protein structures -Experiments -Models (homologues) Literature information Original DNA Sequences (Genomes) Protein Sequences -Inferred -Direct sequencing
  • 4. ANOS 80 - OS DATABASES
  • 5. THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION Bethesda,MD Created in 1988 as a part of the National Library of Medicine at NIH
  • 6. WEB ACCESS: WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV New Homepage New pages! Common footer
  • 7. PRIMARY VS. DERIVATIVE SEQUENCE DATABASES Sequencing Centers TATATGACTCAGGTCACTGAGTCACTGAGCCG GenBank Labs Algorithms TATAGCCG AGCTCCGATA CCGATGACAA UniGene Curators RefSeq Genome Assembly Updated continually by NCBI Updated ONLY by submitters
  • 8. TRADITIONAL GENBANK RECORD ACCESSION U07418 VERSION U07418.1 GI:466461 Accession •Stable •Reportable •Universal Version Tracks changes in sequence GI number NCBI internal use well annotated the sequence is the data
  • 9. ATUALIDADE O FAMOSO PROGRAMA: BLAST
  • 10. UTILIDADE • A COMPARAÇÃO DE SEQUÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS É UMA DAS MAIS IMPORTANTES OPERAÇÕES DA BIOINFORMÁTICA. ORGANISMOS RECÉM-SEQUENCIADOS SÃO COMPARADOS COM ORGANISMOS JÁ SEQUENCIADOS, A FIM DE SE DETERMINAR AS SUAS FUNÇÕES E PROPRIEDADES. • SE DUAS SEQUÊNCIAS DE DNA SÃO SIMILARES, A CHANCE DE ELAS TEREM FUNÇÕES GENÉTICAS SEMELHANTES SÃO MAIORES.
  • 11. MECANISMO • EM TERMOS MATEMÁTICOS, PODEMOS DIZER QUE A DISTÂNCIA D (X, Y) É O MENOR NÚMERO DE OPERAÇÕES DE INSERÇÃO, REMOÇÃO, SUBSTITUIÇÃO, CAPAZES DE TRANSFORMAR A SEQUÊNCIA X NA SEQUÊNCIA Y. • O PROGRAMA BLAST NÃO PROCURA CONDUZIR UMA COMPARAÇÃO DA EXTENSÃO TOTAL DAS MOLÉCULAS COMPARADAS, MAS APENAS IDENTIFICAR, NO BANCO DE DADOS, A PRESENÇA DE UMA SEQUÊNCIA SUFICIENTEMENTE PARECIDA COM A PESQUISADA.
  • 12. EXEMPLO • É INTERESSANTE VERIFICAR QUE SE UTILIZÁSSEMOS UM NUCLEOTÍDEO, "A" POR EXEMPLO, PARA PESQUISAR SEQUÊNCIAS HUMANAS, A CHANCE DE ENCONTRARMOS UMA REGIÃO HOMÓLOGA SERIA IGUAL A 1 (100%). • SE A NOSSA SEQUÊNCIA PESQUISADA FOSSE MAIS COMPLEXA, 144 BASES POR EXEMPLO, A CHANCE DE ENCONTRARMOS UMA SEQUÊNCIA PERFEITAMENTE IDÊNTICA SERIA PEQUENA. • O VALOR DE "E" , UM PARÂMETRO CALCULADO PELO BLAST, EXPRESSA ESSA DIFICULDADE E, QUANTO MENOR SEU VALOR, MENOR A CHANCE DE TAL COMPARAÇÃO TER SIDO ENCONTRADA POR PURA COINCIDÊNCIA.
  • 13. ALINHAMENTO GLOBAL • O ALINHAMENTO GLOBAL CONSISTE EM ALINHAR DUAS SEQUÊNCIAS POR INTEIRO, NA QUAL OS ALINHAMENTOS COM MAIORES ESCORES SÃO CONSIDERADOS OS MELHORES.
  • 14. ALINHAMENTO LOCAL • POR OUTRO LADO, O ALINHAMENTO LOCAL PROCURA POR REGIÕES DE ALTA SIMILARIDADE DENTRO DAS SEQUÊNCIAS, MOSTRANDO COM ISSO, REGIÕES QUE POSSAM TER SE CONSERVADO AO LONGO DA EVOLUÇÃO, BEM COMO REGIÕES QUE POSSAM TER FUNÇÕES SEMELHANTES EM GENES DIFERENTES DE DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES.
  • 15. E ONDE A COMPUTAÇÃO ENTRA NISSO?
  • 17. CRIAÇÃO  CRIADA POR LARRY WALL EM 1987  ORIGINÁRIA DO SHELL SCRIPTING, AWK, SED E A LINGUAGEM C
  • 18. PONTOS FORTES  ESTÁVEL E MULTIPLATAFORMA  ARRAYS INDEXADOS E ASSOCIATIVOS  PROCESSAMENTO DE CADEIA (STRINGS) E PATTERN MATCHING ATRAVÉS DE EXPRESSÕES REGULARES  ADEQUADA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO UTILIZANDO METODOLOGIAS ÁGEIS.  ALOCAÇÃO DE MEMÓRIA AUTOMÁTICA  GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE  MULTIPARADIGMA
  • 19. PONTOS FRACOS  O CÓDIGO É DIFÍCIL DE LER/PERCEBER E PODE TORNAR-SE DEMASIADO OBSCURO ESCALAR ARRAY HASH  NÃO TEM SUPORTE FÁCIL PARA ESTRUTURAS
  • 21. BIBLIOGRAFIA • CASEY, R. M. (2005). "BLAST SEQUENCES AID IN GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS". BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE NETWORK. • ALTSCHUL, STEPHEN; GISH, WARREN; MILLER, WEBB; MYERS, EUGENE; LIPMAN, DAVID (1990)."BASIC LOCAL ALIGNMENT SEARCH TOOL".JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 215 (3): 403–410. • MOODY, GLYN (2004). DIGITAL CODE OF LIFE: HOW BIOINFORMATICS IS REVOLUTIONIZING SCIENCE, MEDICINE, AND BUSINESS. • DESCARTES, ALLIGATOR; BUNCE, TIM (2000).PROGRAMMING THE PERL DBI : [DATABASE PROGRAMMING WITH PERL] (1 ED.). BEIJING [U.A.]: O'REILLY.