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Computational Humor
Thomas Winters
PhD Student at KU Leuven & FWO Fellow
@thomas_wint
thomaswinters.be
Can a machine have a sense of humor?
2
Can a machine have a
sense of humor?
3
Part 1: Humor
Intrinsically human!
4
Every known
human civilisation
has some form of
humor
Caron, J.E.: From ethology to aesthetics: Evolution as a theoretical paradigm for research on laughter, humor, and other comic phenomena. Humor15(3), 245–281(2002)
5
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
6
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
huh?
7
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
huh?
aha!
8
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
huh?
aha!
that’s
funny
9
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
huh?
aha!
that’s
funny
h
10
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
huh?
aha!
that’s
funny
Brain is rewarding noticing
incongruities and
successfully resolving them
h
11
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
huh?
aha!
that’s
funny
Brain is rewarding noticing
incongruities and
successfully resolving them
+ linguistic skills
(required to create jokes)
h
12
Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
huh?
aha!
that’s
funny
Brain is rewarding noticing
incongruities and
successfully resolving them
+ linguistic skills
(required to create jokes)
= Evolutionary advantage!
h
13
How does humor work?
14
Incongruity-Resolution Theory
Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory.
Two fish are in a tank.
Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to
drive this thing?”
15
Incongruity-Resolution Theory
Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory.
Two fish are in a tank.
Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to
drive this thing?”
Setup
16
Incongruity-Resolution Theory
Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory.
Obvious
Interpretation
Two fish are in a tank.
Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to
drive this thing?”
Setup
17
Incongruity-Resolution Theory
Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory.
Obvious
Interpretation
Two fish are in a tank.
Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to
drive this thing?”
Setup
Punchline
18
Incongruity-Resolution Theory
Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory.
Obvious
Interpretation
Hidden
Interpretation
Two fish are in a tank.
Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to
drive this thing?”
Setup
Punchline
19
Human-focused definition!
Machine should not only spot
two mental images
Obvious
Interpretation
Hidden
Interpretation
But also this is
not too hard or too easy for a human!
20
Humor = AI-complete?
~ as hard as making computers as “intelligent” as people
21
Part 2: Humor Generation
22
Hard-coding a sense of humor
23
JAPE Joke Examples
What is the difference
between leaves and a car?
One you brush and rake, the
other you rush and brake
What do you call a
strange market?
A bizarre bazaar.
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
24
JAPE: Templates & Schemas
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
25
JAPE: Templates & Schemas
What’s <CharacteristicNP>
and <Characteristic1> ?
A <Word1> <Word2>.
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
26
JAPE: Templates & Schemas
What’s <CharacteristicNP>
and <Characteristic1> ?
A <Word1> <Word2>.
Noun Phrase
Word1 Word2
Homophone1
Characteristic1 CharacteristicNP
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
27
JAPE: Templates & Schemas
What’s <CharacteristicNP>
and <Characteristic1> ?
A <Word1> <Word2>.
Noun Phrase
Word1 Word2
Homophone1
Characteristic1 CharacteristicNP
spring (season)
to bounce
spring (elastic body)
cabbage
green
spring cabbage
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
28
JAPE: Templates & Schemas
What’s <CharacteristicNP>
and <Characteristic1> ?
A <Word1> <Word2>.
Noun Phrase
Word1 Word2
Homophone1
Characteristic1 CharacteristicNP
What’s green and
bounces?
A spring cabbage.
spring (season)
to bounce
spring (elastic body)
cabbage
green
spring cabbage
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
29
Unsupervised Analogy Generator
Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data
30
Unsupervised Analogy Generator
I like my <X> like
I like my <Y>:
<Z>
Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data
31
Unsupervised Analogy Generator
I like my <X> like
I like my <Y>:
<Z>
Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data
Z
Y
X
Maximise adjective
dissimilarity
Maximise co-occurrence Maximise co-occurrence
Maximise # definitions
Minimize commonness
32
Unsupervised Analogy Generator
I like my <X> like
I like my <Y>:
<Z>
Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data
cold
war
coffee
Z
Y
X
Maximise adjective
dissimilarity
Maximise co-occurrence Maximise co-occurrence
Maximise # definitions
Minimize commonness
33
Unsupervised Analogy Generator
I like my <X> like
I like my <Y>:
<Z>
I like my coffee
like I like my war:
cold.
Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data
cold
war
coffee
Z
Y
X
Maximise adjective
dissimilarity
Maximise co-occurrence Maximise co-occurrence
Maximise # definitions
Minimize commonness
34
Talk Generator
Generates nonsense PowerPoints about any given topic
Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
35
Talk Generator
Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
36
Talk Generator
Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
37
Talk Generator
Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
38
Talk Generator
Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
39
Talk Generator
Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
40
Talk Generator
Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
41
Templates + Grammar + Functions = Babbly
Created programming language for templates text
generation with grammars for more variation: Babbly
import firstname.words
food = pasta|pizza|sushi
main = {
3: <firstname> loves <food.uppercase>!
1: <firstname> (quite|reasonably|fairly) likes <food>. Oo{1,3}h, I hope they join!
1: <firstname:protagonist> is not (quite){.5} fond of <food:>.
<firstname:protagonist> will thus not go to the <food:> (restaurant|place).
}
Winters, T. (2019). Modelling Mutually Interactive Fictional Character Conversational Agents
42
E.g. to easily program Samson Twitterbot
Winters, T. (2019). Modelling Mutually Interactive Fictional Character Conversational Agents
43
Learning a sense of humor?
44
Transformer models
Large language models, pretrained on large corpora
Outperforming previous neural architectures
on most language tasks
GPT-2 & GPT-3
Completes any textual prompt
BERT
Classifies any text sequence / token
Brown, Tom B., et al. "Language models are few-shot learners."
Devlin, J., Chang, M. W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2018). Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
45
Not just for English!
Phase 1: Pretraining:
• Find unlabeled corpus for target language
• Expensive pretraining phase
• BUT: reusable! Just download existing!
Phase 2: Finetuning a pre-trained BERT
• Feed labeled training data
• Relatively cheap fine-tuning for the target task
• Usually outperforms other language models on
most NLP tasks
Delobelle, P., Winters, T., & Berendt, B. (2020). RobBERT: a dutch RoBERTa-based language model.
RobBERT
Our Dutch BERT-like model
46
GPT-2 / GPT-3 humor?
Tokenizer problem: maps words to numbers
 Remove knowledge about letters!
https://www.gwern.net/GPT-3
https://towardsdatascience.com/teaching-gpt-2-a-sense-of-humor-fine-tuning-large-transformer-models-on-a-single-gpu-in-pytorch-59e8cec40912
Hard to make/recognize new wordplay!
“tank” 28451
“thank” 40716
47
GPT-2 / GPT-3 joke examples
GPT-2 can mimic joke style, but usually very absurd
https://www.gwern.net/GPT-3
https://towardsdatascience.com/teaching-gpt-2-a-sense-of-humor-fine-tuning-large-transformer-models-on-a-single-gpu-in-pytorch-59e8cec40912
What did one plate say
to the other plate?
Dip me!
What did the chicken
say after he got hit by a
bus?
"I'm gonna be fine!"
A woman walks into the bar......she
says to the bartender "I want a
double entendre" and the
bartender says "No, we don't
serve that"
48
Reminiscent of how children write jokes
49
Let’s try simpler & more
understandable models!
50
Dynamic Templates
Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates.
Used in @TorfsBot
51
Dynamic Templates
“Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?”
“They see the fact that the former God is not trying
to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of
them being right. Even with the Church, things are
not going well. Norse popes.”
Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates.
Used in @TorfsBot
52
Dynamic Templates
“Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?”
“They see the fact that the former God is not trying
to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of
them being right. Even with the Church, things are
not going well. Norse popes.”
Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates.
Used in @TorfsBot
53
Dynamic Templates
“Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?”
“They see the fact that the former God is not trying
to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of
them being right. Even with the Church, things are
not going well. Norse popes.”
Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates.
Used in @TorfsBot
Replace some matching
words with matching POS
tag with lowest frequencies
54
Dynamic Templates
“Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?”
“They see the fact that the former God is not trying
to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of
them being right. Even with the Church, things are
not going well. Norse popes.”
Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates.
Used in @TorfsBot
Replace some matching
words with matching POS
tag with lowest frequencies
55
Dynamic Templates
“Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?”
“They see the fact that the former God is not trying
to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of
them being right. Even with the Church, things are
not going well. Norse popes.”
“Are there also popes that don't
believe in God?”
Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates.
Used in @TorfsBot
Replace some matching
words with matching POS
tag with lowest frequencies
56
GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates
Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees.
Input
57
GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates
1. Join closest strings
2. Merge similar template slots
3. Iteratively simplify until convergence
Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees.
Input
58
GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates
1. Join closest strings
2. Merge similar template slots
3. Iteratively simplify until convergence
Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees.
Input
59
GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates
1. Join closest strings
2. Merge similar template slots
3. Iteratively simplify until convergence
A: I like my <B> and my <B>
| <G> the <B> is <F>
B: chicken | cat | dog
F: walking | jumping
G: Alice | Bob | Cathy
Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees.
Input
60
Generalising Schemas to Enable Machine Learning
Constraint-based Schemas
Hard to tweak to preference
Metrical Schema
Allows for learning in
aggregator component
Header
Keywords
Template
Features
Aggregator
Values Generator
Humour
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
61
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
62
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
1.
Training
a) I like my relations like I like my source, open.
b) I like my coffee like I like my war, cold.
c) The sailor bears a stress. Pier pressure.
d) I like my girlfriend like I like my estate: real.
e) The lord cultivates a region. A baron land.
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
63
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
1.
Training
Joke Rater 1 Rater 2 Rater 3
a 5 4 5
b 4 4 3
c 5 3 4
d 2 1 3
e 3 2 2
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
64
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
1.
Training
Templates
Template 1: “I like my X like I like my Y, Z.”
relations, source, open | [5,4,5]
coffee, war, cold | [4,4,3]
girlfriend, estate, real | [2,1,3]
Template 2: ``The A B a C. D.‘’
sailor, bears, stress, Pier pressure | [5,3,4]
lord, cultivates, region, A baron land | [3,2,2]
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
65
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
1.
Training
Templates
X Y Z Score FreqX FreqY FreqZ FreqXY …
relations source open [5,4,5] 3 831 210 4 050 904 4884757 0 …
coffee war cold [4,4,3] 784 065 9 211 826 2 010 173 0 …
girlfriend estate real [2,1,3] 75 392 998 669 5 284 057 0 ….
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
66
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
1.
Training
Templates
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
67
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
Input
topic
1.
Training
2.
Generating
Templates
“Men”
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
68
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
Input
topic
Word +
Template
1.
Training
2.
Generating
Templates
“Men” + “I like my X
like I like my Y, Z.”
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
69
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
Input
topic
Word +
Template
Generated
template values
1.
Training
2.
Generating
Templates
a) men, grave, nameless
b) men, country, cold
c) men, turkey, roast
d) men, rain, gentle
e) men, laugh, silly
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
70
X Y Z Score FreqX FreqY FreqZ FreqXY …
men grave nameless ? 9 876 543 4 050 904 4884757 0 …
men country cold ? 9 876 543 9 211 826 2 010 173 0 …
men turkey roast ? 9 876 543 998 669 5 284 057 0 ….
men rain gentle ? 9 876 543 9 876 543 845 321 0 …
men laugh silly ? 9 876 543 954 569 123 456 0 ….
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
Input
topic
Word +
Template
Generated
template values
Template values
+ features
1.
Training
2.
Generating
Templates
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
71
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
Input
topic
Word +
Template
Generated
template values
Template values
+ features
1.
Training
2.
Generating
Templates
Filtered
template
values set
men, grave, nameless => 5
men, country, cold => 1
men, turkey, roast =>3
men, rain, gentle =>4
men, laugh, silly => 1
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
72
Human
Evaluation
Template
Extractor
Template
Store
Values
Generator
Metric-based
Rater
Classifier/
Regression
Input
Jokes
Rated
Jokes
Set of rated template
values per template
Rated template values with
feature values (training
data)
Input
topic
Word +
Template
Generated
template values
Template values
+ features
Jokes
about
seed
1.
Training
2.
Generating
(Apply
Template)
Templates
Filtered
template
values set
I like my men like I like my grave: nameless
I like my men like I like my rain: gentle
GOOFER: Generalised framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
73
GAG: implements GOOFER framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
74
GAG: implements GOOFER framework
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
75
GAG: implements GOOFER framework
I like my coffee like I like my sleep: strong.
I like my men like I like my graves: nameless.
I like my women like I like my tests: independent.
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
76
GAG: implements GOOFER framework
11.41%
22.61%
21.08%
GAG: Classifier Human-created
on JokeJudger
Human-created
single-word
jokes
4+ RATINGS FREQUENCY
Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
77
Need for good
humor detection algorithms!
78
Part 3: Humor Detection
79
Early Humor Detector
• Designed humor features e.g. alliteration, antonym, adult slang...
• Used Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines
• Task: One-liners vs news, neutral corpus & proverbs
Mihalcea, R., & Strapparava, C. (2005). Making computers laugh: Investigations in automatic humor recognition.
80
But is this a good dataset?
News & proverbs have completely different types
of words than jokes!
 Looking at word frequencies is often already “enough”!
Is this really humor detection?
81
Jokes are fragile!
Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to drive this thing?”
Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
82
Jokes are fragile!
Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to drive this thing?”
Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates!
Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
83
Jokes are fragile!
Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to drive this thing?”
men
Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates!
Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
84
Jokes are fragile!
Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to drive this thing?”
men bar
Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates!
Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
85
Jokes are fragile!
Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other:
“Do you know how to drive this thing?”
men bar
Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates!
Word-based features won’t work anymore!
Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
86
51%
60%
50%
94% 94%
47%
94% 94%
47%
99% 96%
89%
Jokes vs News Jokes vs Proverbs Jokes vs Generated Jokes
Binary classification of jokes versus texts from other domains
Naive Bayes LSTM CNN RobBERT
Much more challenging dataset!
More truthful humor detection?
Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
87
GALMET: Genetic Algorithm using Language
Models for Evolving Text
Created algorithm that evolves headlines into satirical headlines
Winters T., Delobelle P. (UNPUBLISHED). Survival of the Wittiest: Evolving Satire with Language Models
88
Survival of the Wittiest
Amazon removes Indian flag doormat after minister threatens visa ban
 NASA releases rainbow leg doormat after violating OT ban
Winters T., Delobelle P. (UNPUBLISHED). Survival of the Wittiest: Evolving Satire with Language Models
89
Symbiotic relationship
Can help
improve
Humor
Generation
Can help
improve
Humor
Detection
90
Part 4: Why?
91
Grammarly but for jokes?
92
VIRTUAL ASSISTANTS
People often treat virtual
assistants like humans
(“please”, “thank you”, “sorry”) [1]
[1] https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/consumer-insights/voice-assistance-consumer-experience/
[2] Laughter’s Influence on the Intimacy of Self-Disclosure, Gray, A.W., Parkinson, B. & Dunbar, R.I. Hum Nat (2015) 26: 28.
41%
say it’s like talking
to a friend [1]
Humor and creativity in
language is important
between friends [2]
93
Casual Creation: it’s fun to create these little bots!
https://thomaswinters.be/mopjesbot Winters, T. (2019). Generating Dutch Punning Riddles about Current Affairs
94
Mutually interactive bots
Winters, T. (2019). Modelling Mutually Interactive Fictional Character Conversational Agents
https://thomaswinters.be/samsonbots
95
Studying & understanding humor
We do not fully know how humor works
Artificial Intelligence can shed a light!
Humour
96
Can computers have a sense of humor?
Learn rules if
enough data
Hand-craft rules
for type of humor
Better NLP models
get us closer & closer
Humour
97
BUT:
AI-complete problem!
Need to process two mental images
before fully understanding the joke
98
Computational humor is still in its infancy
But, children have a fascinating sense of humor
99
Thank you!
Some images (based on the works) of dooder on freepik.com
Thomas Winters
PhD Student at KU Leuven & FWO Fellow
@thomas_wint
thomaswinters.be

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Computational Humor: Can a machine have a sense of humor? (2020)

  • 1. 1 Computational Humor Thomas Winters PhD Student at KU Leuven & FWO Fellow @thomas_wint thomaswinters.be Can a machine have a sense of humor?
  • 2. 2 Can a machine have a sense of humor?
  • 4. 4 Every known human civilisation has some form of humor Caron, J.E.: From ethology to aesthetics: Evolution as a theoretical paradigm for research on laughter, humor, and other comic phenomena. Humor15(3), 245–281(2002)
  • 5. 5 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence?
  • 6. 6 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence? huh?
  • 7. 7 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence? huh? aha!
  • 8. 8 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence? huh? aha! that’s funny
  • 9. 9 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence? huh? aha! that’s funny h
  • 10. 10 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence? huh? aha! that’s funny Brain is rewarding noticing incongruities and successfully resolving them h
  • 11. 11 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence? huh? aha! that’s funny Brain is rewarding noticing incongruities and successfully resolving them + linguistic skills (required to create jokes) h
  • 12. 12 Purpose of Humor = Sign of Intelligence? huh? aha! that’s funny Brain is rewarding noticing incongruities and successfully resolving them + linguistic skills (required to create jokes) = Evolutionary advantage! h
  • 14. 14 Incongruity-Resolution Theory Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory. Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?”
  • 15. 15 Incongruity-Resolution Theory Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory. Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” Setup
  • 16. 16 Incongruity-Resolution Theory Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory. Obvious Interpretation Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” Setup
  • 17. 17 Incongruity-Resolution Theory Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory. Obvious Interpretation Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” Setup Punchline
  • 18. 18 Incongruity-Resolution Theory Based on: Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory. Obvious Interpretation Hidden Interpretation Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” Setup Punchline
  • 19. 19 Human-focused definition! Machine should not only spot two mental images Obvious Interpretation Hidden Interpretation But also this is not too hard or too easy for a human!
  • 20. 20 Humor = AI-complete? ~ as hard as making computers as “intelligent” as people
  • 21. 21 Part 2: Humor Generation
  • 23. 23 JAPE Joke Examples What is the difference between leaves and a car? One you brush and rake, the other you rush and brake What do you call a strange market? A bizarre bazaar. Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
  • 24. 24 JAPE: Templates & Schemas Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
  • 25. 25 JAPE: Templates & Schemas What’s <CharacteristicNP> and <Characteristic1> ? A <Word1> <Word2>. Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
  • 26. 26 JAPE: Templates & Schemas What’s <CharacteristicNP> and <Characteristic1> ? A <Word1> <Word2>. Noun Phrase Word1 Word2 Homophone1 Characteristic1 CharacteristicNP Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
  • 27. 27 JAPE: Templates & Schemas What’s <CharacteristicNP> and <Characteristic1> ? A <Word1> <Word2>. Noun Phrase Word1 Word2 Homophone1 Characteristic1 CharacteristicNP spring (season) to bounce spring (elastic body) cabbage green spring cabbage Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
  • 28. 28 JAPE: Templates & Schemas What’s <CharacteristicNP> and <Characteristic1> ? A <Word1> <Word2>. Noun Phrase Word1 Word2 Homophone1 Characteristic1 CharacteristicNP What’s green and bounces? A spring cabbage. spring (season) to bounce spring (elastic body) cabbage green spring cabbage Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1994). An implemented model of punning riddles
  • 29. 29 Unsupervised Analogy Generator Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data
  • 30. 30 Unsupervised Analogy Generator I like my <X> like I like my <Y>: <Z> Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data
  • 31. 31 Unsupervised Analogy Generator I like my <X> like I like my <Y>: <Z> Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data Z Y X Maximise adjective dissimilarity Maximise co-occurrence Maximise co-occurrence Maximise # definitions Minimize commonness
  • 32. 32 Unsupervised Analogy Generator I like my <X> like I like my <Y>: <Z> Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data cold war coffee Z Y X Maximise adjective dissimilarity Maximise co-occurrence Maximise co-occurrence Maximise # definitions Minimize commonness
  • 33. 33 Unsupervised Analogy Generator I like my <X> like I like my <Y>: <Z> I like my coffee like I like my war: cold. Petrović, S., & Matthews, D. (2013). Unsupervised joke generation from big data cold war coffee Z Y X Maximise adjective dissimilarity Maximise co-occurrence Maximise co-occurrence Maximise # definitions Minimize commonness
  • 34. 34 Talk Generator Generates nonsense PowerPoints about any given topic Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com
  • 35. 35 Talk Generator Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
  • 36. 36 Talk Generator Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
  • 37. 37 Talk Generator Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
  • 38. 38 Talk Generator Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
  • 39. 39 Talk Generator Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
  • 40. 40 Talk Generator Try it yourself: talkgenerator.com Winters T., Mathewson K. (2019). Automatically Generating Engaging Presentation Slide Decks
  • 41. 41 Templates + Grammar + Functions = Babbly Created programming language for templates text generation with grammars for more variation: Babbly import firstname.words food = pasta|pizza|sushi main = { 3: <firstname> loves <food.uppercase>! 1: <firstname> (quite|reasonably|fairly) likes <food>. Oo{1,3}h, I hope they join! 1: <firstname:protagonist> is not (quite){.5} fond of <food:>. <firstname:protagonist> will thus not go to the <food:> (restaurant|place). } Winters, T. (2019). Modelling Mutually Interactive Fictional Character Conversational Agents
  • 42. 42 E.g. to easily program Samson Twitterbot Winters, T. (2019). Modelling Mutually Interactive Fictional Character Conversational Agents
  • 43. 43 Learning a sense of humor?
  • 44. 44 Transformer models Large language models, pretrained on large corpora Outperforming previous neural architectures on most language tasks GPT-2 & GPT-3 Completes any textual prompt BERT Classifies any text sequence / token Brown, Tom B., et al. "Language models are few-shot learners." Devlin, J., Chang, M. W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2018). Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
  • 45. 45 Not just for English! Phase 1: Pretraining: • Find unlabeled corpus for target language • Expensive pretraining phase • BUT: reusable! Just download existing! Phase 2: Finetuning a pre-trained BERT • Feed labeled training data • Relatively cheap fine-tuning for the target task • Usually outperforms other language models on most NLP tasks Delobelle, P., Winters, T., & Berendt, B. (2020). RobBERT: a dutch RoBERTa-based language model. RobBERT Our Dutch BERT-like model
  • 46. 46 GPT-2 / GPT-3 humor? Tokenizer problem: maps words to numbers  Remove knowledge about letters! https://www.gwern.net/GPT-3 https://towardsdatascience.com/teaching-gpt-2-a-sense-of-humor-fine-tuning-large-transformer-models-on-a-single-gpu-in-pytorch-59e8cec40912 Hard to make/recognize new wordplay! “tank” 28451 “thank” 40716
  • 47. 47 GPT-2 / GPT-3 joke examples GPT-2 can mimic joke style, but usually very absurd https://www.gwern.net/GPT-3 https://towardsdatascience.com/teaching-gpt-2-a-sense-of-humor-fine-tuning-large-transformer-models-on-a-single-gpu-in-pytorch-59e8cec40912 What did one plate say to the other plate? Dip me! What did the chicken say after he got hit by a bus? "I'm gonna be fine!" A woman walks into the bar......she says to the bartender "I want a double entendre" and the bartender says "No, we don't serve that"
  • 48. 48 Reminiscent of how children write jokes
  • 49. 49 Let’s try simpler & more understandable models!
  • 50. 50 Dynamic Templates Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates. Used in @TorfsBot
  • 51. 51 Dynamic Templates “Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?” “They see the fact that the former God is not trying to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of them being right. Even with the Church, things are not going well. Norse popes.” Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates. Used in @TorfsBot
  • 52. 52 Dynamic Templates “Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?” “They see the fact that the former God is not trying to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of them being right. Even with the Church, things are not going well. Norse popes.” Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates. Used in @TorfsBot
  • 53. 53 Dynamic Templates “Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?” “They see the fact that the former God is not trying to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of them being right. Even with the Church, things are not going well. Norse popes.” Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates. Used in @TorfsBot Replace some matching words with matching POS tag with lowest frequencies
  • 54. 54 Dynamic Templates “Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?” “They see the fact that the former God is not trying to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of them being right. Even with the Church, things are not going well. Norse popes.” Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates. Used in @TorfsBot Replace some matching words with matching POS tag with lowest frequencies
  • 55. 55 Dynamic Templates “Are there also atheists that don't believe in atheism?” “They see the fact that the former God is not trying to deny this newly acquired insight as proof of them being right. Even with the Church, things are not going well. Norse popes.” “Are there also popes that don't believe in God?” Winters, T. (2019). Generating philosophical statements using interpolated markov models and dynamic templates. Used in @TorfsBot Replace some matching words with matching POS tag with lowest frequencies
  • 56. 56 GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees. Input
  • 57. 57 GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates 1. Join closest strings 2. Merge similar template slots 3. Iteratively simplify until convergence Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees. Input
  • 58. 58 GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates 1. Join closest strings 2. Merge similar template slots 3. Iteratively simplify until convergence Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees. Input
  • 59. 59 GITTA: Template Trees for extracting templates 1. Join closest strings 2. Merge similar template slots 3. Iteratively simplify until convergence A: I like my <B> and my <B> | <G> the <B> is <F> B: chicken | cat | dog F: walking | jumping G: Alice | Bob | Cathy Winters, T., & De Raedt, L. (2020). Discovering Textual Structures: Generative Grammar Induction using Template Trees. Input
  • 60. 60 Generalising Schemas to Enable Machine Learning Constraint-based Schemas Hard to tweak to preference Metrical Schema Allows for learning in aggregator component Header Keywords Template Features Aggregator Values Generator Humour Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 61. 61 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 62. 62 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes 1. Training a) I like my relations like I like my source, open. b) I like my coffee like I like my war, cold. c) The sailor bears a stress. Pier pressure. d) I like my girlfriend like I like my estate: real. e) The lord cultivates a region. A baron land. GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 63. 63 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes 1. Training Joke Rater 1 Rater 2 Rater 3 a 5 4 5 b 4 4 3 c 5 3 4 d 2 1 3 e 3 2 2 GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 64. 64 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template 1. Training Templates Template 1: “I like my X like I like my Y, Z.” relations, source, open | [5,4,5] coffee, war, cold | [4,4,3] girlfriend, estate, real | [2,1,3] Template 2: ``The A B a C. D.‘’ sailor, bears, stress, Pier pressure | [5,3,4] lord, cultivates, region, A baron land | [3,2,2] GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 65. 65 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) 1. Training Templates X Y Z Score FreqX FreqY FreqZ FreqXY … relations source open [5,4,5] 3 831 210 4 050 904 4884757 0 … coffee war cold [4,4,3] 784 065 9 211 826 2 010 173 0 … girlfriend estate real [2,1,3] 75 392 998 669 5 284 057 0 …. GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 66. 66 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) 1. Training Templates GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 67. 67 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) Input topic 1. Training 2. Generating Templates “Men” GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 68. 68 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) Input topic Word + Template 1. Training 2. Generating Templates “Men” + “I like my X like I like my Y, Z.” GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 69. 69 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) Input topic Word + Template Generated template values 1. Training 2. Generating Templates a) men, grave, nameless b) men, country, cold c) men, turkey, roast d) men, rain, gentle e) men, laugh, silly GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 70. 70 X Y Z Score FreqX FreqY FreqZ FreqXY … men grave nameless ? 9 876 543 4 050 904 4884757 0 … men country cold ? 9 876 543 9 211 826 2 010 173 0 … men turkey roast ? 9 876 543 998 669 5 284 057 0 …. men rain gentle ? 9 876 543 9 876 543 845 321 0 … men laugh silly ? 9 876 543 954 569 123 456 0 …. Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) Input topic Word + Template Generated template values Template values + features 1. Training 2. Generating Templates GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 71. 71 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) Input topic Word + Template Generated template values Template values + features 1. Training 2. Generating Templates Filtered template values set men, grave, nameless => 5 men, country, cold => 1 men, turkey, roast =>3 men, rain, gentle =>4 men, laugh, silly => 1 GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 72. 72 Human Evaluation Template Extractor Template Store Values Generator Metric-based Rater Classifier/ Regression Input Jokes Rated Jokes Set of rated template values per template Rated template values with feature values (training data) Input topic Word + Template Generated template values Template values + features Jokes about seed 1. Training 2. Generating (Apply Template) Templates Filtered template values set I like my men like I like my grave: nameless I like my men like I like my rain: gentle GOOFER: Generalised framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2019). Towards a general framework for humor generation from rated examples.
  • 73. 73 GAG: implements GOOFER framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
  • 74. 74 GAG: implements GOOFER framework Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
  • 75. 75 GAG: implements GOOFER framework I like my coffee like I like my sleep: strong. I like my men like I like my graves: nameless. I like my women like I like my tests: independent. Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
  • 76. 76 GAG: implements GOOFER framework 11.41% 22.61% 21.08% GAG: Classifier Human-created on JokeJudger Human-created single-word jokes 4+ RATINGS FREQUENCY Winters, T., Nys, V., & De Schreye, D. (2018). Automatic Joke Generation: Learning Humor from Examples
  • 77. 77 Need for good humor detection algorithms!
  • 78. 78 Part 3: Humor Detection
  • 79. 79 Early Humor Detector • Designed humor features e.g. alliteration, antonym, adult slang... • Used Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines • Task: One-liners vs news, neutral corpus & proverbs Mihalcea, R., & Strapparava, C. (2005). Making computers laugh: Investigations in automatic humor recognition.
  • 80. 80 But is this a good dataset? News & proverbs have completely different types of words than jokes!  Looking at word frequencies is often already “enough”! Is this really humor detection?
  • 81. 81 Jokes are fragile! Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
  • 82. 82 Jokes are fragile! Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates! Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
  • 83. 83 Jokes are fragile! Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” men Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates! Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
  • 84. 84 Jokes are fragile! Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” men bar Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates! Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
  • 85. 85 Jokes are fragile! Two fish are in a tank. Says one to the other: “Do you know how to drive this thing?” men bar Generate non-jokes using dynamic templates! Word-based features won’t work anymore! Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
  • 86. 86 51% 60% 50% 94% 94% 47% 94% 94% 47% 99% 96% 89% Jokes vs News Jokes vs Proverbs Jokes vs Generated Jokes Binary classification of jokes versus texts from other domains Naive Bayes LSTM CNN RobBERT Much more challenging dataset! More truthful humor detection? Winters T., Delobelle P. (2020). Dutch humor detection by generating negative examples. BNAIC/Benelearn2020
  • 87. 87 GALMET: Genetic Algorithm using Language Models for Evolving Text Created algorithm that evolves headlines into satirical headlines Winters T., Delobelle P. (UNPUBLISHED). Survival of the Wittiest: Evolving Satire with Language Models
  • 88. 88 Survival of the Wittiest Amazon removes Indian flag doormat after minister threatens visa ban  NASA releases rainbow leg doormat after violating OT ban Winters T., Delobelle P. (UNPUBLISHED). Survival of the Wittiest: Evolving Satire with Language Models
  • 92. 92 VIRTUAL ASSISTANTS People often treat virtual assistants like humans (“please”, “thank you”, “sorry”) [1] [1] https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/consumer-insights/voice-assistance-consumer-experience/ [2] Laughter’s Influence on the Intimacy of Self-Disclosure, Gray, A.W., Parkinson, B. & Dunbar, R.I. Hum Nat (2015) 26: 28. 41% say it’s like talking to a friend [1] Humor and creativity in language is important between friends [2]
  • 93. 93 Casual Creation: it’s fun to create these little bots! https://thomaswinters.be/mopjesbot Winters, T. (2019). Generating Dutch Punning Riddles about Current Affairs
  • 94. 94 Mutually interactive bots Winters, T. (2019). Modelling Mutually Interactive Fictional Character Conversational Agents https://thomaswinters.be/samsonbots
  • 95. 95 Studying & understanding humor We do not fully know how humor works Artificial Intelligence can shed a light! Humour
  • 96. 96 Can computers have a sense of humor? Learn rules if enough data Hand-craft rules for type of humor Better NLP models get us closer & closer Humour
  • 97. 97 BUT: AI-complete problem! Need to process two mental images before fully understanding the joke
  • 98. 98 Computational humor is still in its infancy But, children have a fascinating sense of humor
  • 99. 99 Thank you! Some images (based on the works) of dooder on freepik.com Thomas Winters PhD Student at KU Leuven & FWO Fellow @thomas_wint thomaswinters.be

Notas do Editor

  1. Haha and Aha are very similar
  2. Haha and Aha are very similar
  3. Haha and Aha are very similar
  4. Haha and Aha are very similar
  5. Haha and Aha are very similar
  6. Haha and Aha are very similar
  7. Haha and Aha are very similar
  8. Haha and Aha are very similar
  9. Generated 100 jokes to JokeJudger This = 9500 ratings & markings First three categories: all jokes Classifier > Regression In half of the times, the jokes of the computer are equally good as human jokes. CAN BE FILTERED BY HUMANS!
  10. Generated 100 jokes to JokeJudger This = 9500 ratings & markings First three categories: all jokes Classifier > Regression In half of the times, the jokes of the computer are equally good as human jokes. CAN BE FILTERED BY HUMANS!
  11. Generated 100 jokes to JokeJudger This = 9500 ratings & markings First three categories: all jokes Classifier > Regression In half of the times, the jokes of the computer are equally good as human jokes. CAN BE FILTERED BY HUMANS!
  12. Generated 100 jokes to JokeJudger This = 9500 ratings & markings First three categories: all jokes Classifier > Regression In half of the times, the jokes of the computer are equally good as human jokes. CAN BE FILTERED BY HUMANS!
  13. Why need computational humour? Let’s look at Virtual Assistants