2. The Meal: Quality Infrastructure

3. The component parts … S tandards Q uality A ccreditation M etrology

10. Participation problems 7 most important causes of weak participation in international standardization work – all developing countries

11. Participation problems 7 most important causes of weak participation in international standardization work specific to Sub-Saharan Africa

12. Participation problems 7 most important causes of weak participation in international standardization work specific to Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa All developing countries

13. Participation problems Additional issues specific to Sub-Saharan Africa

14. The (Global) Context WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

16. Licenses, Customs clearance, Warehousing, Domestic taxation of goods, Prohibitions, Customs valuation, Quotas, Prices, International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) standards, International Office of Epizootics (IOE) standards, Domestic requirements, National Enquiry Points, Health (HACCP), Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) standards, Biosafety standards (GMO), Registry procedures, Taxes, Inspection, Airport services, Harbour services, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI/DFI) regulations, Foreign exchange measures, Foreign investment taxes, Services, Banking, Subsidies, Profit repatriation limits, Enterprise’s competitiveness, Trade negotiation techniques, Trade Agreements, WTO, Agreements for Trade, Product and market development, Trade Disputes, Dumping practices, Intellectual property, Certification systems, Process inspection, Packaging and labeling, Tests and calibration, Environmental systems, Local content schemes, Product development, International Standards, Measurement standards, Storage, Accreditation of conformity assessment 50 ‘Non-Tariff’ barrier to trade ...

18. Non-tariff barriers affecting market access

19. Non-tariff barriers affecting market access

20. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) - SQAM Conformity/Certification Transparency Standards Metrology/Testing Accreditation

21. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) - Standards

27. The Standards Development Process

31. SAC TC/SC SWASA TC/SC SAC Council SWASA Basic development stages Approved by … Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) Publication Publication & Gazetting Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical)

32. SAC TC/SC SWASA TC/SC SAC Council SWASA Direct entry of existing standard Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) Publication Publication & Gazetting Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical)

33. SAC TC/SC Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) TC/SC SWASA TC/SC SAC Council SWASA Publication Publication & Gazetting Notif. 2 Notif. 3 Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical) Optional stage, to provide opportunity to develop proposal Preliminary

34. SAC TC/SC Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) TC/SC SWASA TC/SC SAC Council SWASA Publication Publication & Gazetting Notif. 2 Notif. 3 Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical) Optional stage, to provide opportunity to develop proposal Preliminary

35. Increase of stability & consensus through project Changes in stability of content Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) Publication Publication & Gazetting Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical) Notification

36. Increase of stability & consensus through project Changes in stability of content Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) Publication Publication & Gazetting Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical)

37. Increase of stability & consensus through project Changes in stability of content Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) Publication Publication & Gazetting Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical) Notif.

38. Increase of stability & consensus through project Changes in stability of content Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) Publication Publication & Gazetting Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical)

39. Increase of stability & consensus through project Changes in stability of content Disposal Resolution of feedback from enquiry Proposal Receipt & review of proposal for new project [with vote] Preparatory/ Committee Development of internal consensus amongst experts Enquiry Submission of envisaged publication for public review Endorsement Submission of endorsed final text for approval (procedural) Publication Publication & Gazetting Approval Submission of proposed final text for approval (technical) Notif.

41. The perfect “Combo”?

42. Regulations Conformity Assessment Standards

43. Regulations, Standards, & Conformity Assessment in Africa Based on data taken from the ISO/DEVCO/TMB Survey on Problems Faced by Developing Countries in the Areas of Standardization and their Participation in International Standardization Work (2002)

44. Coordination between technical regulation (TR) and voluntary standards

45. Percentage of technical regulations (TR) based on standards (Sub-Saharan Africa)

46. Coordination between technical regulation (TR) and voluntary standards (Sub-Saharan Africa)

47. Main Reasons for Inadequate Technical Regulation (TR) (Sub-Saharan Africa)

48. Availability of Test and Certification Services

49. Main Reasons for Inadequate Conformity Assessment (CA)

51. Standards Supporting technical regulations

55. Technical regulation … calls up a … the combination is mandatory but When a … (Technical) Regulations v. Standards Standard … the standard retains its characteristic of being available for voluntary use

62. The performance approach to standards development, & its relevance to regulations & regulators

64. Performance based regulatory model

68. Conformity Assessment Supporting the standards supporting the technical regulations

69. Conformity Assessment

72. First party (“Do-It-Yourself”) assessment … is when conformity assessment (checking) is carried out by the supplier organization itself. In other words, it is a self-assessment Known as a Supplier's Declaration of Conformity (SDoC) ISO/IEC 17050 – 1 and 2:2004 Manufacturer, Supplier, Organization DIRECT PATH Confidence in the company brand Consumers, Users

77. Certification & Marking (in USA certification is known as “Registration”) … is when a third party (a Conformity Assessment Body – CAB)( Registrar in USA) gives written assurance that a product (including services), process, personnel, organization or system conforms to specific requirements The written assurance is typically in the form of a Certificate of Conformity identifying which products or services comply with the requirements specified in standards and/or regulations A Certificate of Conformity may entitle the marking of products or their packaging with a mark of conformity (“certification mark”) identifying that the product complies with requirements.

78. ICONTEC Certification Marks ALL voluntary but heavily promoted, particularly as marketing devices

80. Accreditation* (“Checking The Checkers”) … is when an authoritative body (an Accreditation Authority ) gives formal recognition that a body (e.g. a Conformity Assessment Body ) or person is competent to carry out specific tasks E.g. accreditation of testing laboratories, inspection bodies and product certification bodies "Accreditation" is not a synonym for "certification" * third-party attestation, related to a conformity assessment body [or individual], conveying formal demonstration of its competence to carry out specific conformity assessment tasks (BS EN ISO/IEC 17000:2004)

81. Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRA) … is when the parties involved agree to recognize the results of each other's testing, inspection, certification or accreditation Cross-border MRA MRA between or endorsed by governments - can be critical in increasing the confidence of both private and public sector purchasers and so aid exports by avoiding repeated conformity assessment controls and associated costs

86. SQAM & Technical Regulations Testing Metrology Conformity Assessment Standardisation Accreditation Testing Metrology Conformity Assessment Standardisation Accreditation Enforcement Inspection Monitoring Information Consultation The “Regulators” The “Standardizers” and “Checkers”

87. The ‘New Approach’ to Trade in Europe – An example of regulators & standards working together

90. New Approach Directives www.newapproach.org/Directives/