SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 4
Baixar para ler offline
The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 11||Pages|| 54-57||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among Female Students
attending a Selected University Health Services in Zaria, Kaduna
State, Nigeria
1,

Ella , 2,E. E., 3,Shenge, H. And 4,Ajoge, H. O.

1,2,3,4,Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

---------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------The study area was the Health Services Sickbay of a tertiary institution in Zaria attended by staff and students
as well as a population living within the academic community. However, the study population was limited to all
the female students attending the within a period of six months who gave their consent to be enlisted in the
study. Staff and non- students attending the health facility were excluded. Similarly approval for the study was
obtained from the Authorities of the Health Centre. A total of 92 female students were analyzed and of this
number, 26 representing 28.26% were seropositive. In respect to age distribution, it was found that 78 of the 92
students sampled were in the 18-23 age range where 23 (29.49%) of the 78 female students within the 18 – 23
age range were seropositive while 3(25%) out of the 12 female students in the 24-29 age range were
seropositive. A prevalence of 28.21% (22 cases out of 78) was established for the unmarried female students to
Chlamydia trachomatis IgG while the married had a prevalence of 28.57 % (4 out of 14 cases). From the result
obtained in this study, it can be seen that the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis was quite high for an
enclosed population of women.

KEYWORDS: Seroprevalence, Elisa, Chlamydia trachomatis, IgG
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------Date of Submission: 25 October 2013
Date of Acceptance: 30 November 2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I.

INTRODUCTION

Chlamydia trachomatis was the first Chlamydia agent discovered in humans (Ryan and Ray, 2004)
and was referred to as a large virus because of its obligate parasitic living. It is a worldwide infection highly
prevalent among the sexually active age group and also, studies have shown that Chlamydia trachomatis is very
high among young women precisely blacks but the cause for this situation is yet to be known (Parks, et al,
1997). Many of these infected women are known to have more than one sex partner.
The high regions of the world with high prevalence include Northern Africa, Middle East and Asia. It
is also among the commonly reported sexually transmitted diseases in the United States of America (Stamm,
2011). Studies of the natural history of genital Chlamydia infections in human are scarce and faced with study
design limitations. An improved understanding of Chlamydial natural history may influence recommendations
for elements of control efforts such as Chlamydia screening frequency or time parameters for partner
notification. Persistent infection more often progressed to develop clinical signs at the time of treatment.
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted bacterial infection, with a majority
of infected persons being asymptomatic and as a result detection of the infection often relies on screening
(Parks, et al, 1997). About 50-70% of Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic with undetected or
multiple infection in up to 70% women population who are at risk of developing a severe reproductive sequelae
including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal infertility (Tukur et al, 2006, Carey and Beagly, 2010).
The susceptibility in children is due to mother to child transmission through the birth canal of an infected parent
while adults or sexually active age group acquire the bacteria through sexual intercourse with an infected partner
(Johnson, et al. 2002).
In view of the insidious nature of infection and paucity of report on this bacterial infection in this part
of the country, this research is embarked upon to determine the seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachoma is
among female students attending Health Services Sickbay of a tertiary institution in Zaria in order to provide
base line data for the control programme of the government in the study population.

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 54
Prevalence Of Chlamydia Trachomatis…
II.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Study area
The study area was the Health Services Sickbay of a tertiary institution in Zaria attended by staff and
students as well as a population living within the academic community. However, the study population was
limited to all the female students attending the within a period of six months who gave their consent to be
enlisted in the study. Staff and non- students attending the health facility were excluded. Similarly approval for
the study was obtained from the Authorities of the Health Centre. A total of 100 female students who reported to
the hospital irrespective of their diagnosis were samples for the assay.
Sample collection
Using a 5ml syringe, 2ml of blood sample was collected from the 100 female students aseptically by
venepuncture, dispensed into a vacutainer and allowed to clot. The serum was then separated from the whole
blood using a micropipette and dispensed into another vacutainer for use.
Assay procedure
All the samples were analyzed for Chlamydia trachomatis IgG using the Chlamydia trachomatis
ELISA kit (Diagnostic Automation and Cortez Inc., U.S.A.). All the specimens and kit reagents were brought to
room temperature (20 – 25˚C) and 1: 40 dilutions of the test samples, negative and positive controls were
prepared in the sample diluents provided. Using a micropipette, 100μl of diluted sera, the calibrator and controls
were dispensed into the appropriate wells and 100μl sample diluent was dispensed in well A-1 to serve as blank.
The holder was tapped to remove air bubbles from the liquid and mixed well and incubation was done for 30
minutes at room temperature, the liquid was then discarded from all wells and then washing was repeated three
times with washing buffer and then blotted. A total of 100μl of enzyme conjugate was dispensed to each well
and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature and after incubation the enzyme conjugate was discarded
from all wells and the washing was repeated three times with washing buffer and blotted dry. After blotting,
100μl of TMB chromogenic substrate was dispensed to each well and incubated for 30 minutes at room
temperature. This was followed by the addition 100μl of 2N HCl to stop the reaction. The optical density was
then read at 450nm with a microwell reader.

III.

RESULTS

A total of 92 female students were eventually analyzed as the kit had provision for blank and controls
and of this number, 26 representing 28.26% were seropositive. This is presented in Figure I below.

Figure I. Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG among Female students in A B. U. Zaria.
In respect to age distribution, it was found that 78 of the 92 students sampled were in the 18-23 age range where
23 (29.49%) of the 78 female students within the 18 – 23 age range were seropositive while 3(25%) out of the
12 female students in the 24-29 age range were seropositive (table 1). A prevalence of 28.21% (22 cases out of
78) was established for the unmarried female students to Chlamydia trachomatis IgG while the married had a
prevalence of 28.57 % (4 out of 14 cases) (Table 2).

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 55
Prevalence Of Chlamydia Trachomatis…
Table 1: Age Range Distribution of the Assayed Female Student Samples
Age Range

Number of Samples

Number of Positive (%)

18-23

78

23(29.49 %)

24-29

12

3(25 %)

30-35

2

0

Total

96

26 (28.26%)

Table 2: Marital Status of the Assayed Female Student Samples.
Marital Status

Number of Samples

Number of Positive (%)

Married

14

4(28.57 %)

Single

78

22(28.21 %)

Total

92

26 (28.26%)

IV.
DISCUSSION
The prevalence of 28.24% in this study was lower than the prevalence of 38.18% (Jatau, et al 2009) in
an earlier study among pregnant women and 51% in women attending pre and antenatal clinic in the University
of Lagos, Nigeria (Mawak, et al., 2011). These works were among pregnant women while this was
predominantly among single ladies. Many reports have attributed higher prevalence to the married (Parks, et al,
1997). In this study the lower Age range of 18 – 23 had the highest prevalence of 29.49 %. This agrees with
Jatau et al (2009) which also established that a prevalence of 43.65% among the 21-30 years age group. Women
in the higher age bracket were few as the study was conducted among students thus providing a poor contrast
between the age brackets. Further studies including significant women in all age brackets would provide a better
picture on this finding. However, the degree of promiscuity among the single students and other risk factors
such as overcrowding in hostels resulting from increase in university and the attendant poor and limited
infrastructure make them prone to this bacterial pathogen. This agrees with the views by Kotchick et al, (2001),
that Chlamydia trachomatis can be transmitted through sexual intercourse and at a lower rate during birth from
an infected mother it can be deduced that these female students assayed must have contacted the infection
through sex or contact with contaminated surfaces like for example the toilet seats (Kotchick et al, 2001).
Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic with undetected or multiple infection in up to 70% women
population who are at risk of developing a severe reproductive sequelae including pelvic inflammatory disease
and tubal infertility (Carey and Beagly, 2010), showing that the infection is a silent epidemic. In most part of
Nigeria, Chlamydia trachomatis are not routinely screened for, and hence relative information about frequencies
of the organisms is scarce. There is need therefore for routine screening of women for Chlamydia and
subsequent treatment to protect them from prolonged infection which could have effect on fertility due to tubal
blockage. History of infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease, other sexually transmitted diseases and
spontaneous abortion have been associated with the of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Geisler, 2006)
From the result obtained in this study, it can be seen that the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis was quite
high for an enclosed population of enlightened people and due to facts that infections due to Chlamydia is
highly endemic and asymptomatic, it is therefore recommended that further research should be carried out by
health services to screen patients who are suffering from sexually transmitted diseases for Chlamydial
infections. The risk factors and the strains of this pathogen can also be researched for.

V.

CONCLUSION

The IgG seroprevalence to Chlamydia trachomatis among women attending the Health Services
Sickbay of the selected tertiary institution in Zaria was found to be 26(28.26%). The seroprevalence showed no
significant difference between the married and the single. Similarly, the prevalence did not show significant
difference between the faculties of different students.

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 56
Prevalence Of Chlamydia Trachomatis…
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]

[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]

[13]
[14]
[15]

[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]

[22]
[23]

[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]

Carey A.J, and Beagly K.W. (2010).Chlamydia trachomatis, a hidden epidemic: effects on female reproduction and options for
treatment. Amreican Journal of Reproductive Medicine 63:(6),360 - 363
Geisler WM. (2006) Management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: evidence
reviewed for the Center for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect
Dis.3:577 - 581
Jatau, et al 2009
Johnson, R.E., Newhall, W.J., Papp, J.P., DeLisle, S. (2002), Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria
gonorrhoea infections. MMWR Recomm Rep.18:51(15),1-38
Kotchick, B.A., Shaffer, A., Forhand, R. and Miller, K.S. (2001). Adolescent sexual risk
behaviour:A multi system
perspective. Clinical Psychology Review.21:(4),493-519.
Mawak J.D., Dashe N., Agabi Y.A. and Panshak B.W
(2011), Prevalence of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis among
Gynecologic Clinic attendees in Jos, Nigeria. Shiraz E-medical Journal. Shiraz Iran. 12:(2)
Parks, K,S., Dixon, P.B., Richey, C.M., Garlo, G.G., Alpha,O., Soon, J. and Chaw,S.J. (1997) Spontaneous clearance of
Chlamydia trachomatis infection in untreated patients. Sex Transm Dis. 24:(4), 229-235
Ryan, K.J., and Ray, C.G.(editors)(2004), Sherris Medical Microbiology(4th ed). McGraw Hill pp.463-70 .
Stamm W.E (2011), Commonly Reported Sexually Transmitted Diseases in U.S.A. Int’l Encyclopedia of marriage and
family.20:ac279149, pp1-17.
Turkur, J., Shitu, S.O. and Abdul, A.M. (2006). A case control study of active genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection among
patients with tubal infertility. Tropical Doctor Royal Society of Medicine Press.12:ac89026
Augenbraun M, Bachmann L, Wallace T, et al (1998). Compliance with doxycycline therapy in sexually transmitted diseases
clinics.Sex Transm Dis.25:1
Bachmann LH, Stephens J, Richey CM, Hook EW (1999)3rd. Measured versus self-reported compliance with doxycycline
therapy for chlamydia-associated syndromes: high therapeutic success rates despite poor compliance .Sex Trans Dis. 26:272
Bedson SP and Bland JOW. (1932). A morphological study of psittacosis virus with the description of a developmental cycle.
British journal of experimental pathology13, pp 461-466..
Carey AJ, and Beagly KW. (2010).Chlamydia trachomatis, a hidden epidemic:effects on female reproduction and options for
treatment. Amreican journal of reproductive.63:(6),360
Foglia, G., Rhodes, P., Goldberg. M., St Louis, M.E.(1999). Completeness of and duration of time before treatment after
screening women for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Sex Transm Dis 26:421 .
Geisler WM. (2006) Management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: evidence
reviewed for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.Clin infect
Dis.3:577
Gordon FB, Harper IA, Quan AL. et al, (1968).Detection of Chlamydia (Bedsonia) in certain infections of man. J infect Dis
120:451.
Hobson,D.,Johnson,F.W.A.,Rees, E. and Tait,I.A.(1974). Simplified method for diagnosis of genital and ocular infections with
Chlamydia .Lancet ii,pp555-556.
Joanne MW, Linder MS, Christopher JW (2008). Prescott, Harly and Kliens Microbiology (7th edn) McGraw Hill Int’l NewYork.
pp 531-532.
Johnson, R.E., Newhall, W.J., Papp, J.P.,DeLisle, S. (2002), Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria
gonorrhoea infections. MMWR Recomm Rep.18:51(15),1-38
Kalwij, Sebastine; Macintosh, Marry; Baraitser paula. (2010). screening and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections.
Journal of America Sexually Trasmitted disease association.37:(2).pp 63-67
Mawak JD, Dashe N, Agabi YA, Panshak BW, (2011), Prevalence of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis among Gynecologic
Clinic attendees in Jos, Nigeria. Shiraz E-medical journal. Shiraz Iran. 12:(2)
Mohammed, Tafida A, Christian E (2009), Causes of blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria.Investigative ophthalmogy and
visual science, an ARVO Journal. 5:(9),4114-4120
Nichols, R.L.(1971). Trachoma and related disorders caused by Chlamydia agents .Cong.series no.23
Parks, K,S.,Dixon, P.B., Richey, C.M., Garlo,G.G.,Alpha,O.,Soon,J.,and Chaw,S.J.(1997) Spontaneous clearance of Chlamydia
trachomatis infection in untreated patients. Sex Transm Dis. 24:(4), pp229-235
Robinson E, Kur LW, Ndaba A, Lado M, Shafi J, McClelland RS, Kolaczinski JH. (2010). Trachoma rapid assessments in unity
and northern Bahr-el-Ghazal States, Southern Sudan.Anthony.R Feeks veterinary laboratories agency United Kingdom.5(10),
pp1-7
Ryan, K.J., and Ray, C.G.(editors)(2004), Sherris Medical microbiology(4th ed). McGraw Hill pp.463-70 .
Stamm, W.E(1999),Chlamydia trachomatis infection: progress and problem.J.infect Dis.179:5380-383
Stamm W.E (2011), Commonly Reported Sexually Transmitted Diseases in U.S.A. Int’l Encyclopedia of marriage and
family.20:ac279149, pp1-17.
Turkur, J., Shitu, S.O. and Abdul, A.M. (2006). A case control study of active genital Chlamydia
trachomatis
infection among patients with tubal infertility.Tropical Doctor Royal
Society of Medicine Press.12:ac89026.
Kotchick, B.A., Shaffer,A., Forhand,R., and Miller, K.S.(2001). Adolescent sexual risk
behaviour:A multi system
perspective. clinical psychology review.21:(4),493-519.

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 57

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...
Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...
Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...inventionjournals
 
Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...
Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...
Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...DrHeena tiwari
 
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...Dr Muktikesh Dash, MD, PGDFM
 
Antibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute Panceriatitis
Antibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute PanceriatitisAntibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute Panceriatitis
Antibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute PanceriatitisSaeed Al-Shomimi
 
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...DrHeena tiwari
 
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...DrHeena tiwari
 
Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...
Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...
Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...Amarlasreeja
 
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
 
Coorelacion boznia
Coorelacion bozniaCoorelacion boznia
Coorelacion boznialalinmd
 

Mais procurados (19)

Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...
Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...
Molecular Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Prevalen...
 
Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...
Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...
Evaluation of Physical &; Mental Status of COVID Recovered Patients Underwent...
 
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a r...
 
Antibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute Panceriatitis
Antibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute PanceriatitisAntibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute Panceriatitis
Antibiotic prophylaxis in sever Acute Panceriatitis
 
Journal club
Journal clubJournal club
Journal club
 
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...
 
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...
 
178th publication jfmpc- 7th name
178th publication  jfmpc- 7th name178th publication  jfmpc- 7th name
178th publication jfmpc- 7th name
 
182nd publication jamdsr- 6th name
182nd publication  jamdsr- 6th name182nd publication  jamdsr- 6th name
182nd publication jamdsr- 6th name
 
172nd publication jamdsr- 7th name
172nd publication  jamdsr- 7th name172nd publication  jamdsr- 7th name
172nd publication jamdsr- 7th name
 
Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...
Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...
Immunotherapy prostate-cancer-patients-could-overexpress-virulence-factor-gen...
 
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...
 
256th publication jpbs- 7th name
256th publication  jpbs- 7th name256th publication  jpbs- 7th name
256th publication jpbs- 7th name
 
Bacteriological Assessment of Lettuce Vended in Benin City Edo State, Nigeria
Bacteriological Assessment of Lettuce Vended in Benin City Edo State, NigeriaBacteriological Assessment of Lettuce Vended in Benin City Edo State, Nigeria
Bacteriological Assessment of Lettuce Vended in Benin City Edo State, Nigeria
 
Clin infect dis. 2016-cao-250-7
Clin infect dis. 2016-cao-250-7Clin infect dis. 2016-cao-250-7
Clin infect dis. 2016-cao-250-7
 
Coorelacion boznia
Coorelacion bozniaCoorelacion boznia
Coorelacion boznia
 
MRSA
MRSAMRSA
MRSA
 
H046043046
H046043046H046043046
H046043046
 
171st publication jamdsr- 7th name
171st publication  jamdsr- 7th name171st publication  jamdsr- 7th name
171st publication jamdsr- 7th name
 

Destaque

A0334001007
A0334001007A0334001007
A0334001007theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
D03302030036
D03302030036D03302030036
D03302030036theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
N021203094099
N021203094099N021203094099
N021203094099theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
L0333057062
L0333057062L0333057062
L0333057062theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
G0325053063
G0325053063G0325053063
G0325053063theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
B03302007012
B03302007012B03302007012
B03302007012theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
E0325022040
E0325022040E0325022040
E0325022040theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 
E0333021025
E0333021025E0333021025
E0333021025theijes
 
A03250105
A03250105A03250105
A03250105theijes
 
I0333043049
I0333043049I0333043049
I0333043049theijes
 
E03401029034
E03401029034E03401029034
E03401029034theijes
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
 

Destaque (19)

A0334001007
A0334001007A0334001007
A0334001007
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
D03302030036
D03302030036D03302030036
D03302030036
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
N021203094099
N021203094099N021203094099
N021203094099
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
L0333057062
L0333057062L0333057062
L0333057062
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
G0325053063
G0325053063G0325053063
G0325053063
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
B03302007012
B03302007012B03302007012
B03302007012
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
E0325022040
E0325022040E0325022040
E0325022040
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 
E0333021025
E0333021025E0333021025
E0333021025
 
A03250105
A03250105A03250105
A03250105
 
I0333043049
I0333043049I0333043049
I0333043049
 
E03401029034
E03401029034E03401029034
E03401029034
 
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
 

Semelhante a The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)

Detection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Care
Detection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal CareDetection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Care
Detection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Careiosrjce
 
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...iosrjce
 
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubella
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against RubellaNeed To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubella
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubellapaperpublications3
 
Chlamydia and infertility a review of literature
Chlamydia and infertility  a review of literatureChlamydia and infertility  a review of literature
Chlamydia and infertility a review of literatureDrSathyaBalasubramanyam
 
D03406028031
D03406028031D03406028031
D03406028031theijes
 
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slice
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a sliceA study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slice
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slicesin74
 
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...Earthjournal Publisher
 
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
 
PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...
PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...
PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...Dr. Shameeran Bamarni
 
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...Alexander Decker
 
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...inventionjournals
 
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...ILRI
 
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...Alexander Decker
 
Perception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologists
Perception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologistsPerception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologists
Perception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologistsBRNSSPublicationHubI
 
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALES
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESEVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALES
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESElu Malai
 

Semelhante a The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (20)

Detection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Care
Detection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal CareDetection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Care
Detection of Plasmodium Species among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Care
 
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...
 
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubella
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against RubellaNeed To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubella
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubella
 
Chlamydia and infertility a review of literature
Chlamydia and infertility  a review of literatureChlamydia and infertility  a review of literature
Chlamydia and infertility a review of literature
 
D03406028031
D03406028031D03406028031
D03406028031
 
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slice
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a sliceA study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slice
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slice
 
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...
 
Microbiological Study of Pharyngitis at a Teaching Hospital, Chinakakani, (An...
Microbiological Study of Pharyngitis at a Teaching Hospital, Chinakakani, (An...Microbiological Study of Pharyngitis at a Teaching Hospital, Chinakakani, (An...
Microbiological Study of Pharyngitis at a Teaching Hospital, Chinakakani, (An...
 
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)
 
PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...
PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...
PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...
 
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
 
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...
 
Chagas
ChagasChagas
Chagas
 
J01153740
J01153740J01153740
J01153740
 
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...
 
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...
 
Comparison of diagnostic efficacy of USG, Tuberculin test, Nucleic acid ampli...
Comparison of diagnostic efficacy of USG, Tuberculin test, Nucleic acid ampli...Comparison of diagnostic efficacy of USG, Tuberculin test, Nucleic acid ampli...
Comparison of diagnostic efficacy of USG, Tuberculin test, Nucleic acid ampli...
 
NASIR HABIB
NASIR HABIBNASIR HABIB
NASIR HABIB
 
Perception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologists
Perception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologistsPerception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologists
Perception about tularemia and its awareness among biotechnologists
 
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALES
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESEVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALES
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALES
 

Último

SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfHongBiThi1
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...Shubhanshu Gaurav
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...Sujoy Dasgupta
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxkomalt2001
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondSujoy Dasgupta
 
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfDolisha Warbi
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE Mamatha Lakka
 

Último (20)

SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
 
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
 
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
 

The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)

  • 1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) ||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 11||Pages|| 54-57||2013|| ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805 Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among Female Students attending a Selected University Health Services in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 1, Ella , 2,E. E., 3,Shenge, H. And 4,Ajoge, H. O. 1,2,3,4,Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria ---------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------The study area was the Health Services Sickbay of a tertiary institution in Zaria attended by staff and students as well as a population living within the academic community. However, the study population was limited to all the female students attending the within a period of six months who gave their consent to be enlisted in the study. Staff and non- students attending the health facility were excluded. Similarly approval for the study was obtained from the Authorities of the Health Centre. A total of 92 female students were analyzed and of this number, 26 representing 28.26% were seropositive. In respect to age distribution, it was found that 78 of the 92 students sampled were in the 18-23 age range where 23 (29.49%) of the 78 female students within the 18 – 23 age range were seropositive while 3(25%) out of the 12 female students in the 24-29 age range were seropositive. A prevalence of 28.21% (22 cases out of 78) was established for the unmarried female students to Chlamydia trachomatis IgG while the married had a prevalence of 28.57 % (4 out of 14 cases). From the result obtained in this study, it can be seen that the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis was quite high for an enclosed population of women. KEYWORDS: Seroprevalence, Elisa, Chlamydia trachomatis, IgG ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------Date of Submission: 25 October 2013 Date of Acceptance: 30 November 2013 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis was the first Chlamydia agent discovered in humans (Ryan and Ray, 2004) and was referred to as a large virus because of its obligate parasitic living. It is a worldwide infection highly prevalent among the sexually active age group and also, studies have shown that Chlamydia trachomatis is very high among young women precisely blacks but the cause for this situation is yet to be known (Parks, et al, 1997). Many of these infected women are known to have more than one sex partner. The high regions of the world with high prevalence include Northern Africa, Middle East and Asia. It is also among the commonly reported sexually transmitted diseases in the United States of America (Stamm, 2011). Studies of the natural history of genital Chlamydia infections in human are scarce and faced with study design limitations. An improved understanding of Chlamydial natural history may influence recommendations for elements of control efforts such as Chlamydia screening frequency or time parameters for partner notification. Persistent infection more often progressed to develop clinical signs at the time of treatment. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted bacterial infection, with a majority of infected persons being asymptomatic and as a result detection of the infection often relies on screening (Parks, et al, 1997). About 50-70% of Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic with undetected or multiple infection in up to 70% women population who are at risk of developing a severe reproductive sequelae including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal infertility (Tukur et al, 2006, Carey and Beagly, 2010). The susceptibility in children is due to mother to child transmission through the birth canal of an infected parent while adults or sexually active age group acquire the bacteria through sexual intercourse with an infected partner (Johnson, et al. 2002). In view of the insidious nature of infection and paucity of report on this bacterial infection in this part of the country, this research is embarked upon to determine the seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachoma is among female students attending Health Services Sickbay of a tertiary institution in Zaria in order to provide base line data for the control programme of the government in the study population. www.theijes.com The IJES Page 54
  • 2. Prevalence Of Chlamydia Trachomatis… II. MATERIALS AND METHOD Study area The study area was the Health Services Sickbay of a tertiary institution in Zaria attended by staff and students as well as a population living within the academic community. However, the study population was limited to all the female students attending the within a period of six months who gave their consent to be enlisted in the study. Staff and non- students attending the health facility were excluded. Similarly approval for the study was obtained from the Authorities of the Health Centre. A total of 100 female students who reported to the hospital irrespective of their diagnosis were samples for the assay. Sample collection Using a 5ml syringe, 2ml of blood sample was collected from the 100 female students aseptically by venepuncture, dispensed into a vacutainer and allowed to clot. The serum was then separated from the whole blood using a micropipette and dispensed into another vacutainer for use. Assay procedure All the samples were analyzed for Chlamydia trachomatis IgG using the Chlamydia trachomatis ELISA kit (Diagnostic Automation and Cortez Inc., U.S.A.). All the specimens and kit reagents were brought to room temperature (20 – 25˚C) and 1: 40 dilutions of the test samples, negative and positive controls were prepared in the sample diluents provided. Using a micropipette, 100μl of diluted sera, the calibrator and controls were dispensed into the appropriate wells and 100μl sample diluent was dispensed in well A-1 to serve as blank. The holder was tapped to remove air bubbles from the liquid and mixed well and incubation was done for 30 minutes at room temperature, the liquid was then discarded from all wells and then washing was repeated three times with washing buffer and then blotted. A total of 100μl of enzyme conjugate was dispensed to each well and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature and after incubation the enzyme conjugate was discarded from all wells and the washing was repeated three times with washing buffer and blotted dry. After blotting, 100μl of TMB chromogenic substrate was dispensed to each well and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. This was followed by the addition 100μl of 2N HCl to stop the reaction. The optical density was then read at 450nm with a microwell reader. III. RESULTS A total of 92 female students were eventually analyzed as the kit had provision for blank and controls and of this number, 26 representing 28.26% were seropositive. This is presented in Figure I below. Figure I. Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG among Female students in A B. U. Zaria. In respect to age distribution, it was found that 78 of the 92 students sampled were in the 18-23 age range where 23 (29.49%) of the 78 female students within the 18 – 23 age range were seropositive while 3(25%) out of the 12 female students in the 24-29 age range were seropositive (table 1). A prevalence of 28.21% (22 cases out of 78) was established for the unmarried female students to Chlamydia trachomatis IgG while the married had a prevalence of 28.57 % (4 out of 14 cases) (Table 2). www.theijes.com The IJES Page 55
  • 3. Prevalence Of Chlamydia Trachomatis… Table 1: Age Range Distribution of the Assayed Female Student Samples Age Range Number of Samples Number of Positive (%) 18-23 78 23(29.49 %) 24-29 12 3(25 %) 30-35 2 0 Total 96 26 (28.26%) Table 2: Marital Status of the Assayed Female Student Samples. Marital Status Number of Samples Number of Positive (%) Married 14 4(28.57 %) Single 78 22(28.21 %) Total 92 26 (28.26%) IV. DISCUSSION The prevalence of 28.24% in this study was lower than the prevalence of 38.18% (Jatau, et al 2009) in an earlier study among pregnant women and 51% in women attending pre and antenatal clinic in the University of Lagos, Nigeria (Mawak, et al., 2011). These works were among pregnant women while this was predominantly among single ladies. Many reports have attributed higher prevalence to the married (Parks, et al, 1997). In this study the lower Age range of 18 – 23 had the highest prevalence of 29.49 %. This agrees with Jatau et al (2009) which also established that a prevalence of 43.65% among the 21-30 years age group. Women in the higher age bracket were few as the study was conducted among students thus providing a poor contrast between the age brackets. Further studies including significant women in all age brackets would provide a better picture on this finding. However, the degree of promiscuity among the single students and other risk factors such as overcrowding in hostels resulting from increase in university and the attendant poor and limited infrastructure make them prone to this bacterial pathogen. This agrees with the views by Kotchick et al, (2001), that Chlamydia trachomatis can be transmitted through sexual intercourse and at a lower rate during birth from an infected mother it can be deduced that these female students assayed must have contacted the infection through sex or contact with contaminated surfaces like for example the toilet seats (Kotchick et al, 2001). Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic with undetected or multiple infection in up to 70% women population who are at risk of developing a severe reproductive sequelae including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal infertility (Carey and Beagly, 2010), showing that the infection is a silent epidemic. In most part of Nigeria, Chlamydia trachomatis are not routinely screened for, and hence relative information about frequencies of the organisms is scarce. There is need therefore for routine screening of women for Chlamydia and subsequent treatment to protect them from prolonged infection which could have effect on fertility due to tubal blockage. History of infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease, other sexually transmitted diseases and spontaneous abortion have been associated with the of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Geisler, 2006) From the result obtained in this study, it can be seen that the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis was quite high for an enclosed population of enlightened people and due to facts that infections due to Chlamydia is highly endemic and asymptomatic, it is therefore recommended that further research should be carried out by health services to screen patients who are suffering from sexually transmitted diseases for Chlamydial infections. The risk factors and the strains of this pathogen can also be researched for. V. CONCLUSION The IgG seroprevalence to Chlamydia trachomatis among women attending the Health Services Sickbay of the selected tertiary institution in Zaria was found to be 26(28.26%). The seroprevalence showed no significant difference between the married and the single. Similarly, the prevalence did not show significant difference between the faculties of different students. www.theijes.com The IJES Page 56
  • 4. Prevalence Of Chlamydia Trachomatis… REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] Carey A.J, and Beagly K.W. (2010).Chlamydia trachomatis, a hidden epidemic: effects on female reproduction and options for treatment. Amreican Journal of Reproductive Medicine 63:(6),360 - 363 Geisler WM. (2006) Management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: evidence reviewed for the Center for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis.3:577 - 581 Jatau, et al 2009 Johnson, R.E., Newhall, W.J., Papp, J.P., DeLisle, S. (2002), Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea infections. MMWR Recomm Rep.18:51(15),1-38 Kotchick, B.A., Shaffer, A., Forhand, R. and Miller, K.S. (2001). Adolescent sexual risk behaviour:A multi system perspective. Clinical Psychology Review.21:(4),493-519. Mawak J.D., Dashe N., Agabi Y.A. and Panshak B.W (2011), Prevalence of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis among Gynecologic Clinic attendees in Jos, Nigeria. Shiraz E-medical Journal. Shiraz Iran. 12:(2) Parks, K,S., Dixon, P.B., Richey, C.M., Garlo, G.G., Alpha,O., Soon, J. and Chaw,S.J. (1997) Spontaneous clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in untreated patients. Sex Transm Dis. 24:(4), 229-235 Ryan, K.J., and Ray, C.G.(editors)(2004), Sherris Medical Microbiology(4th ed). McGraw Hill pp.463-70 . Stamm W.E (2011), Commonly Reported Sexually Transmitted Diseases in U.S.A. Int’l Encyclopedia of marriage and family.20:ac279149, pp1-17. Turkur, J., Shitu, S.O. and Abdul, A.M. (2006). A case control study of active genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection among patients with tubal infertility. Tropical Doctor Royal Society of Medicine Press.12:ac89026 Augenbraun M, Bachmann L, Wallace T, et al (1998). Compliance with doxycycline therapy in sexually transmitted diseases clinics.Sex Transm Dis.25:1 Bachmann LH, Stephens J, Richey CM, Hook EW (1999)3rd. Measured versus self-reported compliance with doxycycline therapy for chlamydia-associated syndromes: high therapeutic success rates despite poor compliance .Sex Trans Dis. 26:272 Bedson SP and Bland JOW. (1932). A morphological study of psittacosis virus with the description of a developmental cycle. British journal of experimental pathology13, pp 461-466.. Carey AJ, and Beagly KW. (2010).Chlamydia trachomatis, a hidden epidemic:effects on female reproduction and options for treatment. Amreican journal of reproductive.63:(6),360 Foglia, G., Rhodes, P., Goldberg. M., St Louis, M.E.(1999). Completeness of and duration of time before treatment after screening women for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Sex Transm Dis 26:421 . Geisler WM. (2006) Management of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adolescents and adults: evidence reviewed for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.Clin infect Dis.3:577 Gordon FB, Harper IA, Quan AL. et al, (1968).Detection of Chlamydia (Bedsonia) in certain infections of man. J infect Dis 120:451. Hobson,D.,Johnson,F.W.A.,Rees, E. and Tait,I.A.(1974). Simplified method for diagnosis of genital and ocular infections with Chlamydia .Lancet ii,pp555-556. Joanne MW, Linder MS, Christopher JW (2008). Prescott, Harly and Kliens Microbiology (7th edn) McGraw Hill Int’l NewYork. pp 531-532. Johnson, R.E., Newhall, W.J., Papp, J.P.,DeLisle, S. (2002), Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea infections. MMWR Recomm Rep.18:51(15),1-38 Kalwij, Sebastine; Macintosh, Marry; Baraitser paula. (2010). screening and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Journal of America Sexually Trasmitted disease association.37:(2).pp 63-67 Mawak JD, Dashe N, Agabi YA, Panshak BW, (2011), Prevalence of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis among Gynecologic Clinic attendees in Jos, Nigeria. Shiraz E-medical journal. Shiraz Iran. 12:(2) Mohammed, Tafida A, Christian E (2009), Causes of blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria.Investigative ophthalmogy and visual science, an ARVO Journal. 5:(9),4114-4120 Nichols, R.L.(1971). Trachoma and related disorders caused by Chlamydia agents .Cong.series no.23 Parks, K,S.,Dixon, P.B., Richey, C.M., Garlo,G.G.,Alpha,O.,Soon,J.,and Chaw,S.J.(1997) Spontaneous clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in untreated patients. Sex Transm Dis. 24:(4), pp229-235 Robinson E, Kur LW, Ndaba A, Lado M, Shafi J, McClelland RS, Kolaczinski JH. (2010). Trachoma rapid assessments in unity and northern Bahr-el-Ghazal States, Southern Sudan.Anthony.R Feeks veterinary laboratories agency United Kingdom.5(10), pp1-7 Ryan, K.J., and Ray, C.G.(editors)(2004), Sherris Medical microbiology(4th ed). McGraw Hill pp.463-70 . Stamm, W.E(1999),Chlamydia trachomatis infection: progress and problem.J.infect Dis.179:5380-383 Stamm W.E (2011), Commonly Reported Sexually Transmitted Diseases in U.S.A. Int’l Encyclopedia of marriage and family.20:ac279149, pp1-17. Turkur, J., Shitu, S.O. and Abdul, A.M. (2006). A case control study of active genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection among patients with tubal infertility.Tropical Doctor Royal Society of Medicine Press.12:ac89026. Kotchick, B.A., Shaffer,A., Forhand,R., and Miller, K.S.(2001). Adolescent sexual risk behaviour:A multi system perspective. clinical psychology review.21:(4),493-519. www.theijes.com The IJES Page 57