2. What is rectal prolapse?
• Full-Thickness rectal prolapse describes the entire
rectum protruding through the anus
• Mucosal prolapse describes only the rectal mucosa
(not the entire wall) prolapsing
• Internal intussusception where the rectum collapses
but does not exit the anus.
3. Anatomical abnormality
• Abnormally deep pouch of
Douglas
• Lax/atonic muscles of pelvic
floor and anus
• Weakness of sphincters (often
with pudendal neuropathy)
• Lack of normal fixation of
rectum with mobile
mesorectum and lax lateral
ligaments
4. Cause of rectal prolapse
• Rectal prolapse may be associated with the following conditions:
– advanced age,
– long term constipation,
– long term straining during defecation,
– receiving anal sex,
– long term diarrhoea,
– pregnancy and stresses of childbirth,
– previous surgery,
6. How common?
• Rectal prolapse is uncommon; however, the true
incidence is unknown because of underreporting,
especially in the elderly population.
• Age – under 3 years old and after the 5th decade
• 80-90% patients are women.
• Associated features: 50% incontinence, 15%-65%
constipation
• The condition is often concurrent with pelvic floor
descent and prolapse of other pelvic floor organs,
such as the uterus or the bladder.
• 35% of patients are nulliparous.
10. Investigations
• Colonic imaging – to exclude neoplasm
• Sigmoidoscopy - ? SRUS
• Defecography
• Anal rectal manometry is sometimes used to evaluate
the anal sphincter muscles.
• Marker study
11. Aims of treatment
• Control prolapse and prevent recurrence
• Restore normal bowel function
– Restore continence
– Prevent constipation/ impaired evacuation
EITHER resection/plication of redundant bowel
OR fixation of the rectum to the sacrum
12. Incarceration
• An incarcerated rectal prolapse is rare.
– Sugar!!
– Emergency resection is required if the prolapse
cannot be reduced and the viability of the bowel is
in question.
13. Many ways to skin a cat!
• 1959 – Charles Wells
– ‘ I have traced in the literature between 30 and 50
operations for prolapse of the rectum and would
like to add still one more’
– Over 100 procedures now described!
14. Delormes’ Operation
• First described in 1900
• A circumferential incision is made through the mucosa of the
prolapsed rectum near the dentate line
• Using electrocautery, the mucosa is stripped from the rectum to
the apex of the prolapse and excised.
• The denuded prolapsed muscle is then plicated with a suture
and is reefed up like an accordion.
• The transected edges of the mucosa are then sutured together.
• Low morbidity- can be done under spinal
16. Altemeier
• First used by Miles in 1933, Altemeier in 1971
• Full-thickness circumferential incision is made in the prolapsed
rectum at about 1-2 cm from the dentate line
• The hernia sac is then entered, and the prolapse is delivered.
• The mesentery of the prolapsed bowel is serially ligated until no
further redundant bowel can be pulled down.
• The bowel is transected and hand sewn to the distal anal canal
or stapled using a circular stapler.
• Before anastomosis, some surgeons plicate the levator ani
muscles anteriorly, which may help improve continence
19. Perineal stapled prolapse (PSP) – stapled
altemeier
• Pulling out the prolapse completely
• At 3 and 9 o’clock, in lithotomy position — axially
cutting it open with a linear stapler
20. PSP
• Resection performed using a
curved Contour Transtar
stapler.
• 32 patients (30 female:2
male)
• Median age 80 years (range
26-93)
• Median operation time was
30 minutes (range 15-65)
• Median hospital stay was 5
days
• 6 cartridges (range 4-12)
21. Functional outcome after PSP for
external rectal prolapse
• The median follow-up was 6 months (4-22)
• Before surgery twelve (39%) patients complained of
constipation, 10 (31%) reported a continuation of their
symptoms after surgery.
BMC Surgery 2010, 10:9
23. Perineal approach
• Low morbidity
• Possibly high recurrence rates
• Avoids abdominal surgery and pelvic dissection
• ‘cutting off an upturned sock – not fixing it’
25. Posterior suture rectopexy
First described by Cutait in 1959
Mobilisation an upward fixation by fibrosis and suturing
Recurrence 0-9%
26. Mobilisation alone may cause
adequate fibrosis to treat prolapse
• Suggested by John Goligher
• 643 patients (1979-2001)
– 46 mobilisation only
– 130 resection -pexy
– 467 pexy only
• No significant difference in recurrence rates
• 1,5 and 10 year recurrence rates were 1.06%, 6.61%,
and 28.9 %
Raftopoulos et al, DCR 2005 ;48:1200-6
27. Randomised controlled trial of
rectopexy vs no rectopexy
• 252 patients in 41 centres randomised
• Sigmoid resection was allowed in presence of
constipation (more frequently in no rectopexy group)
• No significant difference in complication rates
• 5 year recurrence 8.6% vs 1.5% (p=0.003)
Karas et al., DCR 2011:54:29
28. Posterior mesh rectopexy
To create more fibrosis – Sponge used by Wells in 1959
Also a variety of absorbable and non absorbable meshes
29. Posterior mesh rectopexy
• Low recurrence and low mortality
• Pelvic sepsis – 2-16%
• Haematoma should be avoided by draining pelvis (esp
if considerable ooze)
• Incontinence improved but constipation made worse
30. Resection rectopexy
• Resection of redundant rectosigmoid
• Straight course of left colon – more fixation
• Relief of constipation
32. Lap vs Open
• Simple procedure
• Reduced pain
• Reduced hospital stay
• Studies show lap as effective as open
– No difference in incontinence, constipation or
recurrence
Sajid et al, Colorectal Dis 2010:12:515-25
35. Long term results
• 10 year period – 1994-2004
– 321 patients treated by 4 colorectal surgeons
– 128 perineal procedures
• 99 Delormes’
• 29 Altemeier
– 193 abdominal procedures
• 126 laparoscopic rectopexies
• 46 open rectopexies
• 21 resection rectopexies
Byrne et al DCR 2008: 51:1597
36. Lap rectopexy method
• Full circumferential mobilisation to pelvic floor
• ‘lateral ligaments’ divided
• Polypropylene mesh secured to sacrum and lateral
rectum (with protacker)
• Audit
• Low numbers interviewed re functional results
• Poor definition of recurrence
37. Long term results (lap rectopexy)
• 17 patients thought they had a recurrence at median of 5 years
of follow up
• 5 confirmed full thickness recurrence (126) – 4%
• 7 had banding for mucosal prolapse
• Others had no evidence of FTRP
• Incontinence scores improved - 6.6 to 3.4
• Constipation scores no change – 4.2 to 4.3
39. Summary of results
Recurrence
•Delormes 0-38%
•Altemeier 0-16%
•Posterior suture rectopexy 0-9%
•Mesh posterior rectopexy 0-6%
•Resection rectopexy 0-5%
•Post operative constipation in up to 50% of rectopexy
patients
40. Why constipation associated with
rectopexy?
Full mobilisation of rectum
Autonomic nerve injury
Dysmotility and impaired evacuation
41. Lap ventral mesh rectopexy
• Purpose of surgery for rectal prolapse to correct
prolapse, protect or restore continence and avoid
constipation
• Correct middle compartment prolapse too
• D’Hoore and Penninckx 2004
• 42 patients with total rectal prolapse
D’Hoore et al: BJS 2004:91:1500
48. By 2006
• 109 patients (From 1995 – 2004)
• Mean age 49.3 years
• Hospital stay 5 days
• Minor morbidity – 7%
• 3 recurrences – detachment at sacral promontory
• No mesh erosions
D’Hoore and Penninckx Surg Endosc 2006:20:1919
49. Lap ventral mesh rectopexy
• Systematic review in
2010 of 12 non
randomised studies -728
patients
• Recurrence of 3.4%
• Improvement in
incontinence of 45%
• Improvement in
constipation of 24%
50. Complications
• Complications of 1.4 – 47%
– 1 death from septicaemia from mesh infection
– 1 mesh erosion of posterior vaginal wall
– 2 mesh detachments
– 3 deaths – MI, PE and CVA
– 6 post – operative bleeds
• Less constipation
• Short follow up in some patients
• Mixed reasons for VMR
Samaranavake CB et al. Colorectal Dis 2009
51. Lap Ventral Mesh Rectopexy
-Oxford results
• 65 patients with external prolapse
• 93% female
• Median age 72 years (range 16-93)
• Median follow up 19 months
Boons et al Colorectal Dis 2010: 12:526-32
52. Lap VMR results
• Median operating time 140 mins
• Length of stay 2 days
• 1 recurrence – delormes and 2 mucosal prolapse –
banding
• No mortality
• 5 surgical re-interventions – 1 portsite haematoma
and 4 port site hernias
54. Lap VMR -? Treats prolapse with low recurrence
and improves constipation without resection
55. Warning
• In 2008, the FDA released a warning to healthcare
professionals outlining complications linked to the
use of surgical mesh in treating pelvic organ prolapse
(and stress urinary incontinence).
• To date, FDA has received almost 4000 reports of
adverse events linked to the surgical mesh.
• The agency issued a second warning July 13, 2011, as
a result of a spike in reports of serious adverse events
associated with mesh.
56. US Litigation
• On July 13, 2011, the FDA announced that patients
undergoing pelvic organ prolapse repair with a
surgical mesh may be at a greater risk for mesh
complications than women pursuing other surgical
treatments.
• Because the manufacturers of trans vaginal meshes
failed to warn patients and doctors about this
increased risk, women suffering mesh complications
may be able to file a claim seeking compensation for
medical bills, pain and suffering and other damages.
57.
58. Incidence of complications with mesh
for vaginal prolapse repair – systematic review
1950-2010
110 studies overall synthetic biological
• Mesh erosion 10.3% 10.3% 10.1%
• Wound granulation 7.8% 6.8% 9.1%
• Dyspareunia 9.1% 8.9% 9.6%
• Treatment – removal required in >50%
Abed et al Int Urogynecol J 2011:22:789
59. Vaginal mesh contraction with
polypropylene meshes
• Shown by ultrasound- progressive and linear
relationship
– 30% contraction at 3 years
– 65% contraction at 6 years
– 85% contraction at 8 years
• Presents with
– Pain
– Dyspareunia
– Erosion
– Discharge Feiner and Maher: Obs and Gyne 2010:115:325
61. Erosion rates for gynaecologists
273 patients
Erosion rates
• Abdominal sacrocolpopexy 3.2%
• Abdominal sacro colpo perineopexy 4.5%
• Transvaginal 16%
• Time to mesh erosion 6 weeks to 6 years – mean of
21 months
Visco et al: Am J Ob Gyn 2001:184:297
62. Lap VMR – is it a time bomb?
• Contraction
• Erosion
63. Lap VMR – cure?
• An excellent cure rate and improvement in
incontinence and constipation for full thickness rectal
prolapse
• Good long term results and no reports of mesh
erosion in colorectal literature
64. Lap VMR – or not?
• Mesh may continue to shrink with time
• Worrying and increasing numbers of vaginal erosions
in gynaecological procedures
• Erosion – difficult to treat
65. What procedure?
• Role for perineal procedure in elderly unfit patients
– Low morbidity and high recurrence
• Role for rectopexy – preferably laparoscopic in
patients fit for anaesthetic
– Posterior suture rectopexy as good as posterior
mesh (avoid taking the lateral ligaments)
– Ventral mesh rectopexy adds a mesh but is
superior if perineal descent and other organ
prolapse, avoids new constipation – MESH!
66. Is perineal approach really safer?
• 1469 patients identified from American College of
Surgeons National Surgical Quality improvement data
(2008-9)
• Age
• ASA class
• Approach
Fang et al DCR 2012:55:1167
68. Conclusion
• Tailor the procedure to the patients fitness and
anaesthetic risks
• Tell the patient the risks vs the recurrence rates
• VMR in women with any evidence of middle
compartment prolapse
– Mesh
– Longer op time
– Potential mesh compications
– Remember 10% are men