theory of johnson nursing

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Behavioral system
model
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Sheena
Samontina
Kenneth
Castro
Kimberly
Lingad
PRESENTERS
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biography
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• Dorothy E. Johnson (August 21, 1919 – February 1999) was one
of the greatest nursing theorists who developed the “Behavioral
System Model.”
• Dorothy Johnson was born on August 21, 1919, in Savannah,
Georgia. She was the youngest of seven children
• In 1938, she finished her associate’s degree at Armstrong Junior
College in Savannah, Georgia
• Dorothy Johnson’s professional nursing career began in 1942 when
she graduated from Vanderbilt University School of Nursing in
Nashville, Tennessee
• In 1948, she received her Master’s in public health from Harvard
University in Boston, Massachusetts.
Dorothy e. johnson
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• Her 1968 paper, entitled, One Conceptual Model of Nursing, is a
classic contribution to Nursing literature.
• Two of Johnson’s many works include Theory Development: What,
Why, How? and Barriers and Hazards in Counseling.
• Dorothy Johnson died in February 1999 at the age of 80
Dorothy e. johnson
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Dorothy Johnson’s theory defined Nursing as “an external regulatory force which
acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient’s behaviors at an
optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat
to the physical or social health, or in which illness is found.”
It also states that “each individual has patterned, purposeful, repetitive ways of
acting that comprises a behavioral system specific to that individual.”
Johnson's behavioral system model
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1. To assist the patient whose behavior commensurate with social demands.
2. To assist the patient who is able to modify his/ her behavior in ways that
supports biological imperatives.
3. To assist the patient who is able to benefit to the fullest extent during illness
from physicians knowledge and skills.
4. To assist the patient whose behavior does not give evidence of unnecessary
trauma as a consequence of illness.
4 goals of nursing to assist the patient
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❖ (1) There is “organization, interaction, interdependency and
integration of the parts and elements of behaviors that go to make
up the system.”
❖ (2) A system “tends to achieve a balance among the various forces
operating within and upon it, and that man strives continually to
maintain a behavioral system balance and steady-state by more or
less automatic adjustments and adaptations to the natural forces
occurring on him.”
❖ (3) A behavioral system, which requires and results in regularity and
constancy in behavior, is essential to man. It is functionally
significant because it serves a useful purpose in social life and the
individual. And
❖ (4) “System balance reflects adjustments and adaptations that are
successful in some way and to some degree.”
assumptions
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❖ (1)“From the form the behavior takes and the consequences it
achieves can be inferred what ‘drive’ has been stimulated or what
‘goal’ is being sought.”
❖ (2) Each person has a “predisposition to act concerning the goal, in
certain ways rather than the other ways.” This predisposition is
called a “set.”
❖ (3) Each subsystem has a repertoire of choices called a “scope of
action.”
❖ (4) The individual patient’s behavior produces an outcome that can
be observed.
•
Assumptions about structure and function
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PERSON
Johnson views human beings as having two major
systems: the biological system and the behavioral
system. It is the role of medicine to focus on the
biological system, whereas nursing focuses on the
behavioral system.
Metaparadigm
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HEALTH
Health is an elusive state that is affected by social,
psychological, biological and physiological
factors. Johnson's behavioral model supports the
idea that the individual is striving to retain some
balance or equilibrium
Metaparadigm
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ENVIRONMENT
According to Johnson, an individual's behavior is
influenced by all events in the environment.
Cultural influences on the individuals behavior are
viewed as profound.
Metaparadigm
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NURSING
The primary goal of nursing is to cultivate
equilibrium within individual, which allows for the
practice of nursing with individuals
Metaparadigm
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Attachment or affiliative subsystem
Attachment or affiliative subsystem is the “social inclusion intimacy and the
formation and attachment of a strong social bond.” It is probably the most
critical because it forms the basis for all social organizations. On a general
level, it provides survival and security. Its consequences are social inclusion,
intimacy, and the formation and maintenance of a strong social bond.
7 subsystems of behavioral system
model
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Dependency subsystem
The dependency subsystem is the “approval, attention or recognition and
physical assistance.” In the broadest sense, it promotes helping behavior that
calls for a nurturing response. Its consequences are approval, attention or
recognition, and physical assistance. Developmentally, dependency behavior
evolves from almost total dependence on others to a greater degree of
dependence on self. A certain amount of interdependence is essential for the
survival of social groups
7 subsystems of behavioral system
model
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Ingestive subsystem
An ingestive subsystem is the “emphasis on the meaning and structures of the
social events surrounding the occasion when the food is eaten.” It should not
be seen as the input and output mechanisms of the system. All subsystems are
distinct subsystems with their own input and output mechanisms.
The ingestive subsystem “has to do with when, how, what, how much, and
under what conditions we eat.”
7 subsystems of behavioral system
model
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Eliminative subsystem
Eliminative subsystem states that “human cultures have defined different
socially acceptable behaviors for excretion of waste, but the existence of such a pattern
remains different from culture to culture.” It addresses “when, how, and under what
conditions we eliminate.” As with the ingestive subsystem, the social and psychological
factors influence the biological aspects of this subsystem and may conflict with the
eliminative subsystem.
7 subsystems of behavioral system
model
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Sexual subsystem
A sexual subsystem is both a biological and social factor that affects behavior.
It has the dual functions of procreation and gratification. Including, but not
limited to, courting and mating, this response system begins with the
development of gender role identity and includes a broad range of sex-role
behaviors.
7 subsystems of behavioral system
model
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Aggressive subsystem
The aggressive subsystem relates to protection and self-preservation,
generating a defense response when there is a threat to life or territory. Its
function is protection and preservation. Society demands that limits be placed
on self-protection modes and that people and their property be respected and
protected.
7 subsystems of behavioral system
model
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Achievement subsystem
The achievement subsystem provokes behavior that tries to control the
environment. It attempts to manipulate the environment. Its function is to
control or mastery an aspect of self or environment to some standard of
excellence. Areas of achievement behavior include intellectual, physical,
creative, mechanical, and social skills.
7 subsystems of behavioral system
model
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The nursing process of the Behavior System Model of Nursing begins with assessing and
diagnosing the patient. Once a diagnosis is made, the nurse and other healthcare
professionals develop a nursing care plan of interventions and setting them in motion. The
process ends with an evaluation, which is based on the balance of the subsystems.
Johnson’s Behavioral System Model is best applied in the evaluation phase, during which
time the nurse can determine whether or not there is balance in the subsystems of the
patient. If a nurse helps a patient maintain an equilibrium of the behavioral system through
an illness in the biological system, they have been successful in the role.
The nursing process
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Strengths
Dorothy Johnson’s theory guides nursing practice, education, and research, generate new ideas
about nursing; and differentiates nursing from other health professions. It has been used in
inpatient, outpatient, and community settings as well as in nursing administration. It has always
been useful to nursing education and has been used in educational institutions in different parts of
the world.
Another advantage of the theory is that Johnson provided a frame of reference for nurses concerned
with specific client behaviors. It can also be generalized across the lifespan and cultures. The theory
also has the potential for continued utility in nursing to achieve valued nursing goals.
Strengths and weaknesses
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Weaknesses
The theory is potentially complex because there are several possible interrelationships among the
behavioral system, its subsystems, and the environment. Potential relationships have been explored,
but more empirical work is needed. Johnson’s work has been used extensively with people who are
ill or face the threat of illness. However, its use with families, groups, and communities is limited.
Though the seven subsystems identified by Johnson are said to be open, linked, and interrelated,
there is a lack of clear definitions for the interrelationships among them, making it difficult to view
the entire behavioral system as an entity. The problem involving the interrelationships among the
concepts also creates difficulty following the logic of Johnson’s work.
Strengths and weaknesses
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