Giang day mkt45 tiet

15 de Oct de 2012
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Notas do Editor

  1. After evaluating different segments, the company must choose target market (a set of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve). Then, the company has to choose a market-coverage strategy. Many factors need to be considered when choosing strategy such as company resources, product variability, product life cycle, market variability and competitors’ marketing strategies. - Undifferentiated marketing:The company might decide to ignore market segment differences and uses the same marketing mix for the entire market. This strategy focuses on the common needs of the market rather than differences in it. Undifferentiated marketing provides economies of scale on product costs but may be limited in application. Difficulties arise in developing a product or brand that will satisfy all consumers. The larger segments may be less profitable because of attracting heavy competition. - Differentiated marketing: This strategy targets several market segments and designs separate marketing mixes for each of them. Product and marketing variation also helps company image and may produce loyalty in consumers as they change segments. Differentiated marketing creates more total sales than does undifferentiated marketing. However, differentiated marketing also increases the costs of doing business. - Concentrated marketing: This strategy commits a company to pursue a large share of one or more sub-markets. Economies and segment knowledge and service are strengths of this approach but risk due to smaller market size is greater. This strategy is useful when company resources are limited. This strategy provides an excellent way for small new businesses to get a foothold against larger, more resourceful competitors.
  2. Effective Segmentation This CTR relates to the material on pp. 248-249. Requirements for Effective Segmentation Measurability . This refers to the degree to which the size and purchasing power of the segments can be measured. The accuracy and availability of measures of market potential are important. Accessibility. This refers to the degree to which a market segment can be reached and served. Identifying a segment is useless if the marketer has limited access to the customer. Substantiality. This refers to the degree to which the segments are large or profitable enough to service. Actionability . This is the degree to which an effective marketing program can be designed for attracting and serving segments. Company resource limitations figure prominently in actionability issues.
  3. Steps in Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Market Segmentation. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require separate products or marketing mixes. All buyers have unique needs and wants. Still it is usually possible in consumer markets to identify relatively homogeneous portions or segments of the total market according to shared preferences, attitudes, or behaviors that distinguish them from the rest of the market. These segments may require different products and/or separate mixes. Market Targeting. Market targeting is the process of evaluating each market segment's attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter. Given effective market segmentation, the firm must choose which markets to serve and how to serve them. Discussion Note: In targeting markets to serve the firm must consider its resources and objectives in setting strategy. Market Positioning. Market positioning he process of formulating competitive positioning for a product and a detailed marketing mix. Marketers must plan how to present the product to the consumer. Discussion Note: The product's position is defined by how consumers view it on important attributes. Steps in Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning This CTR corresponds to Figure 8-1 on p. 235 and relates to the material on pp. 235-237.
  4. In general, marketers can not control such factors, but they must take them into account. - Cultural factor: this factor exert the broadest and deepest influence on consumer behavior. It includes culture, subculture, social class. Culture : is the set of basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviors learned by member of society from family and other important institutions. This is the most basic cause of a person’s wants and behavior. Cultural influences on buying behavior may vary greatly from country to country. Subculture : A group of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations. It includes religions, racial groups, geographic regions. Social class : are society’s relatively permanent and ordered divisions whose members share similar values, interests, and behaviors. It is determined by a combination of factors such as occupation, income…Marketers are interested in social class because people within a given social class tend to exhibit similar buying behavior. And social classes how distinct product and brand preferences in areas such as clothing, home furnishings, leisure activity. - Social factor: Reference groups : these groups expose a person to new behaviors and lifestyles, influence (direct, indirect) the person’s attitudes and self-concept, and create pressures to conform that may affect the person’s product and brand choices. Family : The family is the most important consumer buying organization in society. Family members may strongly influence buyer behavior. The roles and relative influence of the family members vary widely in different countries and social classes. Roles and status :The person’s position in each group can be defined in terms of both role and status. A role consists of the activities people are expected to perform. Each role carries a status. People often choose products that communicate their role and status. - Personal factor: Age and lifecycle stage : People buy different goods and services over their lifetime. Tastes in food, clothes, furniture and recreation are often age related. Consumption is also shaped by the family life cycle. Occupation : it influences consumption pattern. Economic circumstances : they consist of their spendable income, savings and assets, attitude toward spending versus saving. Lifestyle : A person’s pattern of living as expressed in his or her activities, interests, and opinions. Personality and self-concept : it refers to the unique psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and lasting responses to one’s own environment. Related to personality is a person’s self-concept. - Psychological factors: Motivation : A motive is a need that is sufficiently pressing to drive the person to act. Perception : It is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. Learning : It describes changes in an individual’s behavior arising from experience. Beliefs and attitudes : A belief is a descriptive thought that a person has about something. An attitude describes a person’s relatively consistent evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or idea.
  5. Stages in Business Buying Process This CTR corresponds to Table 6-2 on p. 194 and relates to the material on pp. 193-196. Stages in Business Buying Problem Recognition . Problem recognition can result from internal or external stimuli. They may emerge from an identified shortage or ideas for improvements recognized by buyers. General Need Description. The buyer describes the overall characteristics and quantities of the needed item. For complex items, this step may require coordinating the efforts of many specialists. Product Specification. A developmental team must translate general needs into product specifications. An engineering value analysis team may look at alternative designs to reduce production costs. Supplier Search. The buyer conducts a search for the best vendors for the product specifications. Proposal Solicitation. The buyer invites qualified suppliers to submit proposals covering the terms of supply and support. Selected proposals may be asked to make formal presentations. Supplier Selection. The buyer selects suppliers based upon a combination of technical competence and service record and reputation. Negotiation of specific terms may occur before final selection, especially on price. Order Routine Specification. The buyer specifies the details of the supplier's contract listing technical specifications, delivery terms, policies for return and warranties, and quantities needed. Sellers will seek blanket contracts binding them closer to the buyer. Performance Review. The buyer will review how the supplier contract is working for the company and may continue, amend, or drop the seller.