3. Many people still equate a curriculum with a syllabus.
Basically it means a concise statement or table of the heads of a
discourse, the contents of a treatise, the subjects of a series of lectures.
A syllabus will not generally indicate the relative importance of its
topics or the order in which they are to be studied. In the form that many
of us will have been familiar with it is connected with courses leading to
.
4. Glossary
The term curriculum refers to the lessons and academic
content taught in a school or in a specific course or program.
In dictionaries
curriculum is often defined as the courses offered by a school,
but it is rarely used in such a general sense in schools.
5. Definition
Curriculum is the totality of formal and informal content that
imparts the skills, attitudes,and values considered important
in achieving specific educational goals.
and
A curriculum needs to be flexible in order to accommodate
changes in the environment that influence the content of the
curriculum.
6.
7. In 1998, Wiggins and McTighe changed the order of
the stages to what has been called a backward design
is a method of designing
educational curriculum by setting goals
before choosing instructional methods and
forms of assessment . Backward design of
curriculum typically involves three stage
8. backward design
identify the desired results
determine acceptable levels of evidence
that support that the desired results
have occurred
design activities that will make desired
results happen
9. strategies will enhance the communication among
faculty members during various stages of the process:
1.There should be clear delegation of assignments to
various committees.
2. There need to be realistic goals and adequate support
and resources for the work of the committees.
3. A timetable for the total curriculum process should be
developed at the start of the process.
4. Faculty need to be proactive, active, involved, and
enthusiastic.
5. To the extent possible, faculty should listen and not
argue.
10. strategies will enhance the communication among
faculty members during various stages of the process:
6. Try to provide a documented rationale to support the
changes that you think should be made .
7. Group process among the faculty may need
development through strategies such as small group work
with a consultant .
8. Recognize and respect each person’s unique
contribution.
11. curriculum development requires:
• Commitment of time, energy, and resources.
• Compatibility, which is the ability of the group to
harmonize and function as a whole.
• Communication. Consider having a facilitator to keep
faculty on task and to referee conflicts.
• Contribution. Curriculum development work requires
consensus, which is derived from communication .
12. Curriculum Framework
A curriculum framework provides a way for faculty to
conceptualize and organize knowledge, skills, values, and
beliefs that are critical to the delivery of a coherent
curriculum.
And
An organizing framework also facilitates the sequencing and
prioritizing of knowledge in a way that is logical
and internally consistent (Finke & Boland, 1998).
13. One framework that may assist faculty to identify course
content is
the knowledge/skills/values/meanings/experience (KSVME)
framework.
In this framework, “nursing is defined as the desire, intent,
and obligation to apply discipline-specific knowledge, skills,
values, meanings, and experience (KSVME) for assistance to
achieving and maintaining their desired state of health
and/or well-being
Curriculum Framework
” (Webber, 2002, p. 17).
15. Behavioral model
Is often applied within a medical model. There is a “focus
on rule driven, predictable, outcomes for student learning…
The teacher concentrates on teaching facts, directives,
rules, theories, laws, and principles.
Lecture is a primary teaching strategy in this model.
A behaviorist curriculum model is directive, under teacher
control, and
“tells” the student what and how to do tasks.
” (Bevis, 1989/1982, iii–iv).
16. epistemological (concept) model
Organized by ideas and themes rather than subject matter
or process skills (e.g., pain, delegation).
The focus is on understanding and appreciation of systems
of knowledge, key ideas, themes, and principles.
The teacher’s role is that of interactive questioner.
Students focus on reading, reflecting, and writing.
Teachers need to have in-depth knowledge about a field,
and make connections to other fields.
They need a consistent vision, perception, and insight
(Van Tassel-Baska, 2004).
17. nursing theorist model
organize the nursing curriculum.
The model may be derived from supporting sciences (e.g.,
stress/adaptation) or nursing (e.g., Orem, Roy, Leddy).
An Orem-based curriculum, for example, would focus on
providing care in a variety of situations where a patient
might be unable to provide self-care.
A Roy-based curriculum might emphasize stimuli and
adaptive modes.
18. Curriculum Matrix
A curriculum matrix is composed of vertical and horizontal
content strands.
Vertical strands represent content areas such as leadership
that increase in complexity at each level of the curriculum.
(e.g., teaching-learning)
Horizontal strands are processes that apply the content
throughout the curriculum, like clinical decision-making
(Torres & Stanton, 1982).
19. The matrix sequences content elements
1. Identifies the specific content elements that should be taught
within each course.
2. Allows the faculty to understand better what the students
were previously taught, thus facilitating building the content in a
progressive manner.
3. Gives the faculty and students a sense of direction because it
shows which content elements will follow.
4. Gives structure to the differentiation of content elements from
one course to another.
5. Assists in recognizing content areas not previously identified.
20. considerations in the development of courses :
• About one-third of courses should be in general education, such as
English and Humanities;
one-third in supporting courses, and one-third in nursing courses.
• The flexibility of the curriculum should be enhanced by allowing
free electives and limited prerequisites
to courses.
• In a progressive design, more supporting courses, such as
microbiology and nutrition, are
offered early in the curriculum. Nursing starts early and increases as
the student progresses
through the program.
• In a parallel design, the same amount of nursing is offered in each
year.
21. Cont…..
• In a collection-type curriculum, the kind most prevalent,
each subject is treated as an independent
entity having little or no connection to others.
• Areas about which faculty are most familiar usually require
the greatest amount of content.
22. Criteria for course content :
• The depth and breadth of the content must be appropriate for
the learner.
• The validity of the content must be assessed (empirically
tested).
• The content must reflect the emerging health-care system and
the changing role of the nurse.
• Content that encourages generalizations, such as how to
recognize patterns in health/illness
manifestations, and how to link and synthesize content, should be
emphasized.
• The content should be progressive, starting with areas that are
more easily learned and foundational to areas of content that are
highly dependent on previous learning and require synthesis.
23. Cont…..
• The content should motivate the student to learn. It is
not only how well the content is presented
that is significant but also how such content relates to what
the student perceives as essential in
his or her learning.
• The content must reflect the level within the cognitive,
affective, and psychomotor domains
25. Political
politics influences curriculum design and development starts
with funding. Both private and public educational institutions
rely on funding for hiring personnel, building and
maintaining facilities and equipment. All aspects of
curriculum depend on local, state and national political
standards. From defining goals, interpreting curricular
materials to approving examination systems, politics affects
curriculum development.
26. Economic
Curriculum developed for in house training in corporations
focuses on educating employees for promotions that bring
better returns in profits. Nations financing education expect
an economic return from educated students contributing to the
country's economy with global competition abilities in
technical fields. Curriculum content influences learner goals,
standards for academic achievement with an underlying
influence of the nation's economy.
27. Technological
Technology driven curriculum development is the norm of the
21st century.
The computer technology of the 21st century influences
curriculum development at every level of learning. Learning
centers and classrooms increasingly provide computers as
requisite interaction for studies among students.
Technological multimedia use influences educational goals
and learning experiences among students. Undergraduate and
graduate degrees in computer technology are in increase in
popularity.
28. Diversity
Curriculum development affect from diversity opens
learning opportunities.
Social diversity including religion, culture and social
groupings affects curriculum development because these
characteristics influence the types of topics and methods for
teaching information. Developing relevant curriculum takes
into account society's expectations, accommodating group
traditions and promoting equality.
29.
30. Environment
Environment issues affect curriculum development.
World awareness and action toward reversing and ending
pollution continues affecting curriculum development.
Typical elementary classrooms teach recycling and healthy
environmental practices. Higher education in the sciences
offers environmentally-focused degrees.
31. Curriculum Evaluation
Criteria :-
• The flow of the content elements can be seen within all of
the components, especially between the philosophy and
learning experiences.
• The terms used may have a variety of meanings within the
discipline but they must be consistent in their meaning
within the specific program.
• The ideas expressed among and within each component
are supportive rather than contradictory.
32. Cont …….
The evaluation process should consider the:
• Context, including mission and goals setting, internal and
external forces, and beliefs of faculty.
• Input, including resources, students, program plan, curriculum
organization, and support
courses.
• Process, including courses, teaching/learning activities, and
student learning.
• Outcomes, including general education outcomes, NCLEX-RN
results, and communication and
critical thinking abilities.
33. Curriculum development is a linear process, a sequence of events that consists of a series of
systematic, logical, dynamic, spiraled, and progressive stages
An integrated framework, vertical and horizontal content strands for each course (curriculum
matrix)
It addresses current situations that affect student make-up and selection, health-care changes,
and is driven by professional organization requirements.
Over the years, curriculum design has changed from a process-oriented approach to an
outcome-oriented approach, which means that nursing faculty has to be “fine tuned” to the
outcomes of not only their program but the community health-care need requirements as well.
Development of the outcome-driven curriculum begins with desired endpoints or outcomes
with content and teaching strategies changing to meet these endpoints.
Faculty communication is essential throughout this process.
34. (“NEW CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT TODAY IN THE PHILIPPINES,”
n.d.)NEW CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT TODAY IN THE PHILIPPINES.
(n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2015, from
http://suzettekrillematias.blogspot.com/
Uys, L., & Gwele, N. (2004). Curriculum Development in Nursing.
Retrieved from
http://public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=199513nhttp
://toniau.ac.ir/doc/books/Curriculum Development in Nursing.pdf
Iwasiw, C., Goldenberg, D. and Andrusyszyn, M. (2005). Curriculum
development in nursing education. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett.
Uys, L. and Gwele, N. (2005). Curriculum development in nursing.
London: Routledge.
