Level of sedation
Minimal
sedation
Moderate
sedation
Dissociative
sedation
Deep
sedation
General
anaesthesia
Response
Near
baseline
depression
of
consiousnes
Trance like
cataleptic
Not response
purposeful after
repeated or painful
stimulate
Unresponsive!
All stimulate
Airway Unaffected Unaffected Affected Affected Affected
Spontaneous
ventilation
Unaffected Unaffected Unaffected Affected Affected
Cardiovacular Unaffected Maintained Unaffected Maintained Affected
Procedure and
Medication
Minor/
Minimal
Moderate/
Ben. or
Opioid
Moderate to
severe/
Ketamine
Painful/
Combine
OR
Goal of PSA
• Provide patient with safe environment where
painful or unpleasant procedure!
• Alleviate patient anxiety!
• Minimize physical discomfort!
• Maximize amnesia!
• control motor behaviour and movement!
• Minimize risk procedure and ensure safe discharge
When is PSA increase?
• Hospital overcrowding!
• Limited availability of anaesthesia!
• Increase training of EP in PSA
Steps of PSA!
E5P
• Preparation
• Personnel
• Patient Assessment
• Equipment and Pre sedation interventions
• Procedure sedation and analgesia
• Post sedation recovery
EP in critical care skills
• Advance airway management!
• Ventilation Resuscitation!
• Cardiovascular Resuscitation!
• Sedation and Analgesia
History
• Concurrent medical illness (respiratory illness,
volume depletion, fever)!
• Medication!
• Allergies!
• Prior adverse reaction to anaesthetic /sedative
agents (vomiting, airway difficulties)!
• History of sleep disordered breathing or
snoring!
• Major medical illness, physical abnormalities
and neurologic problems!
• Last solid / liquid intake
Fasting
• Clear liquid 2 ชั่วโมง
• Breast milk 4 ชั่วโมง
• All other liquid and solid 6 ชั่วโมง
Common Procedure in ED
• Orthopedic procedure (Dislocation, reduction and
immobilization/splint)!
• Abscess incision and drainage!
• Laceration repair!
• Cardioversion!
• FB removal!
• Endoscopy!
• Lumbar puncture
Exclusion and Contraindication of PSA
• Sedation time > 30 mins!
• Difficult airway!
• ASA functional class III !
• Hemodynamic unstable!
• Will be Intubated!
• Lack of experienced!
• Lack of monitoring equipment!
• Allergy or sensitivity to drug
Contraindications in Paediatric
• Difficult airway syndrome – abnormal face, mouth,
dentition or neck!
• Sleep apnea, stridor, airway obstruction, severe
asthma!
• Tracheal abnormalities!
• Severe cardiorespiratory disease!
• Severe gastro-esophageal reflux!
• Severe obesity!
• Raised intracranial pressure!
• Severe neurological impairment and/or bulbar
dysfunction!
• Malignant hyperthermia!
• Infants < 6 months
Complication of PSA
• < 1 % in hospital and routine practice!
• Adverse event rate 2-3% in pediatric !
• Respiratory depression and airway obstruction
are common complication!
• Medication error is common cause
Prevented complication of PSA
• Appropriate monitoring and reparatory detect!
• Adequate monitoring!
• Ensure dose of medication!
• Careful titration of medications!
• Appropriate patient assessment !
• Avoid drug interaction!
• Trained in airway management and resuscitation
Capnography
• Detectable respiratory event : Hypoxia,
respiratory depression and apnea
• Useful and recommendation in Pre hospital and
hospital care
• Better and Fast than pulse oximetry
• S (Suction) – ขนาดและแรงดูดต้องเหมาะสมตามอายุ!
• O (oxygen) - มีการติดตามและให้ในรูปแบบที่เหมาะสม!
• A (airway) - ควรมีอุปกรณ์สำหรับดูแลทางเดินหายใจตาม
ขนาดที่เหมาะสมและพร้อมใช้ตลอดการดูแลผู้ป่วย!
• P (pharmacy) – ยาสำหรับการฟื้นคืนชีพต้องพร้อมตลอดเวลา!
• M (monitors) - อุปกรณ์วัดสัญญาณชีพต้องพร้อมและติดตาม
อาการผู้ป่วยเด็กตลอดเวลา นอกจากนี้แล้วคววรมีการวัดระดับ
ออกซิเจนในเลือดและระดับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ ในผู้ป่วยทุก
ราย
• E (extra equipment) – อื่นๆ พิจารณาตามการเฝ้าระวัง เช่น
Defibrillation ในเด็กที่มีประวัติโรคหัวใจ เป็นต้น
Discharge care
• Airway patency, ventilation, cardiovascular
function and hydration are satisfactory
• Return level of consciousness to baseline
• Can sit unassisted ( age appropriate)
• Can take oral fluids with vomiting
• Responsible person and understand
discharge instruction
Emergency Physician
• Airway management and resuscitation
• Patient selection and preparation
• Patient monitoring
• Pharmacology of sedation and analgesic drug
• Recognition and treatment of the
complication
Emergency Personnel
• Comfortable with basic airway management
and resuscitation
• Knowledgeable of patient preparation and
monitoring procedure
• Familiar with proper documentation
• Able to prepare a time-base record