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1. Presented By:- SHWETANSHUMALA

2.  Water pollution imposes this adverse effect on all kinds of
aquatic flora and fauna. Fishes are mainly affected from
the human nuisances. So, it is the need of time to pay
adequate attention to this issue and implement necessary
corrective measures (Cruickilton & Duchrow, 1990).

3.  Fishes die due to pollution of water from pesticides
adjoining the cultivation fields. Pesticides flow off into
the water proving fatal for the aquatic life (Kivi, 2010).
 As a procedure during leather manufacturing in the
industries, large quantity of wastes produced are
discharged in natural water bodies directly or indirectly
through open drains either without any treatment or
with inappropriate and inadequate treatment processes
causing pollution and leading to serious public health
hazard (Ganguly, 2012).
 The Sewage discharged into coastal waters can wash
up on beaches and cause a health hazard. People who
bathe in the water can fall ill if they swallow polluted
water—yet sewage can have other harmful effects too:-

4.  It can poison shellfish that grow near the shore.
People who eat poisoned shellfish risk suffering
from an acute—and sometimes fatal—illness
called paralytic shellfish poisoning.
 Shellfish is no longer caught along many shores
because it is simply too polluted with sewage or
toxic chemical wastes that have discharged from
the land nearby.

5.  Bioremediation is a technology by which pollutants are
eliminated from fish ponds and consequently contaminated
water are re-distributed and considered as best for fish
culture. Bioremediation technology has been used to
eliminate environmentally-hazard chemical or to detoxify
them into non-toxic forms.
TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION :
1. Biostimulation:- Motivated to start the process of
bioremediation
2. Bioaugmentation:- It is special sites where micro-
organisms are needed to remove the contaminants.
eg- Municipal wastewater.
3. Intrinsic bioremediation:- Use of micro-organism to
remove the harmful substances from soil and water.
eg- Underground petroleum tank.

6. Uses naturally occurring
microorganisms to break
down hazardous substances
into less toxic or nontoxic
substances.

7.  Bioremediation is used to clean up biodegradable
contaminants such as gasoline contaminations, oil
spills, and other toxic chemical leaks.
 The technique of using microorganisms to break down
materials for our benefit is in the waste water treatment
centers. Here microorganisms are used to purify water
so that it is drinkable.

8.  Bioremediation can degrade substances in reasonably
short times.
 It is toxin resistant.
 Bioremediation has less cost for equipment and labor
because most of the work is done by the
microorganisms.
 The process of breaking down materials is natural.
 Can mineralize contaminants and eliminate need for
disposal.
 Less disruption of the environment.

9.  The basis of removal and transportation of wastes for
treatment, basically there are two methods.
1. In situ bioremediation
2. Ex situ bioremediation
 INSITU BIOREMEDIATION:
Encourages growth and reproduction of the
micro-organisms to enhance the biodegradation of
organic constituent.
* It has been successfully applied for clan-up oil
spillages, beaches etc.
* There are 2 types of in-situ bioremediation ,
‡ Intrinsic bioremediation
‡Engineered bioremediation Pseudomonas putida

10.  The treatment in place without excavation of contaminated
soils or sediments. This may require construction in the
soils/sediments of barriers to contain the movement of the
groundwater, nutrients, or contaminants.
 Bacteria occur naturally in subsurface soils and water.
These bacteria have adapted to their environment.
Microbial activity is limited by environmental or nutrient
factors.
 When these limiting factors are corrected, the microbial
community can degrade the contaminants to biomass,
carbon dioxide, water, and salts if appropriate growth
stimulation can be controlled by the addition of the
nutrients. Aerobic biodegradation is preferred because it is
faster and tends to result in more complete degradation.

11.  The micro-organisms act well only when the waste
materials help them to generate energy and nutrients to
develop more cells. When the native micro-organisms
have no capacity to degrade toxicants genetically-
engineered micro-organisms may be applied during the
process of in-situ Bioremediation.

12.  Ex-Situ bioremediation needs the
contaminated water to be pumped out and the
contaminated soil to be removed. The
contaminated water and soil are treated with
microorganisms and then after the materials
are degraded the soil and water are placed in
a bed with oxygen and rich nutrients for
further degradation.

13.  Ex-situ bioremediation
contaminated water and
soil are pumped and
treated with help of
microorganisms.
 In-Situ bioremediation
treats contaminated soil or
groundwater in the
location where it was
found.

14. TYPES OF REACTIONS IN BIOREMEDIATION:
»Aerobic bioremediation:-
It involves the utilization of O2 for the oxidation of
organic compounds may serve as substrates for the supply
of carbon and energy to the microorganism. Two types of
enzymes namely monooxygenases and dioxygenases are
involved in aerobic biodegradation.
» Anaerobic bioremediation:-
Anaerobic biodegradation does not required O2
supply. The growth of anaerobic microorganism and
consequently the degradation process are slow. eg-
Nitrate, iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide etc.

16.  Iron bacteria oxidized soluble inorganic Fe+2 to
insoluble Fe+3
Fe+2 + O Fe+3 (ferric) + Energy.
With the Fe+3 precipitating as Fe(OH)3 .
 The filamentous bacteria Leptothrix and Crenothrix
carry out these reactions and deposit the oxidized iron
in the form of Fe(OH)3 .
(forming yellow or reddish brown colored slimes.)

17.  Sulfur bacteria (such as Thiobacillus Sp.) oxidized hydrogen
sulfide to form sulfuric acid.
H2S + O2 H2SO4 + Energy
 Energy is released in the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide.
 This reaction is responsible for crown corrosion in sewer
systems.
 Essentially when slow-moving waste water containing
sulfate traveling through a pipe becomes anoxic, anaerobic
respiration occurs.
 The hydrogen sulfide gas is absorbed in the condensation
moisture on the solid walls and the crown of the pipe.
 In these regions, the sulfur bacteria oxidize the weak acid
H2S to a strong acid H2SO4 .

18.  Genetically engineered bacteria (Pseudomonas)
with plasmid producing enzymes to degrade octane
and many different organic compounds from crude
oil.
A selected list of genetically engineered
microorganisms
GEMs XENOBIOTICS
Pseudomonas putida Mono-and dichloro aromatic compounds
P. Diminuta Parathion
P. oleovorans Alkane
P. cepacia 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Acinetobacter species 4-Chlorobenzene
Alcaligenes species 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid

19.  Candida can degrade formaldehyde.
 Gibeberella can degrade cyanide.
 Slurry-phase bioremediation is useful too but only for small
amounts of contaminated soil.
 Composting can be used to degrade household wastes.
 WHITE ROT FUNGI
 White rot fungi can degrade organic pollutants in soil and
effluent. e.g. Phanerochaete and chrysosporium can
produce aromatic mixtures.
 Pentachlorophenol, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (e.g.
DDT), even TNT (trinitrotoluene) can be degraded by white
rot fungi.

21.  Many naturally occurring micro-organisms have better
toxicant degradation kinetics and attack a wide range of
toxicants. At the time, some other micro-organisms can
grow well under harsh environmental conditions such as
high temperature and tolerance to organic solvents. This
instruction has great practical significance in relation to
bioremediation technology.
 The application of genetic engineering has paved the
way for the development of new strains of micro-
organisms with high biodegradable capacity.
 Two different central points should be taken into
consideration regarding research and development on
Bioremediation program throughout the world. These
points include:-

22.  Development of innovative programs in Bioremediation
research for upgrading the traditional waste and waste-
water treatment system adopted by many European
countries to cope with the effects of specific chemical
pollutants.
 Methods developed by the environmental protection
agency USA to clean-up soil and water that have
contaminated with xenoboitics and petroleum products.

23. Bioremediation is a natural process and is therefore
perceived by the public.
Bioremediation is useful for the complete destruction of a
wide variety of contaminants.
Instead of transferring contaminants from one
environmental medium to another, for example, from land
to water or air, the complete destruction of target pollutants
is possible.
Bioremediation can often be carried out on site, often
without causing a major disruption of normal activities.
Bioremediation can prove less expensive than other
technologies that are used for cleanup of hazardous waste.

24. Bioremediation is limited to those compounds that are
biodegradable. Not all compounds are susceptible to
rapid and complete degradation.
There are some concerns that the products of
biodegradation may be more persistent or toxic than
the parent compound.
Biological processes are often highly specific.
microbial populations, suitable environmental growth
conditions, and appropriate levels of nutrients and
contaminants.
It is difficult to extrapolate (deduce) from bench and
pilot-scale studies to full scale field operations.
Bioremediation often takes longer than other treatment
options.

25.  The role of beneficial bacteria to control pathogens will
become important in aquaculture, especially in the light
of the increasing number of antibiotic resistant strains
of bacteria.
 The management of pond microbial ecology is an area
where applied research can lead to important findings
for improving the productivity and environmental
friendliness of the shrimp farming industry worldwide.
 The use of bioremediators will gradually increase and
the success of aquaculture in future may be
synonymous with the success of bioremediators that, if
validated through rigorous scientific investigation and
used wisely, may prove to be a boon for the
aquaculture industry.

26.  Alexander, M. 1994.Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Academic Press, San Diego.
 Cruickilton, R.L. and Duchrow R.M. 1990. Impact of a massive crude oil spill on the
invertebrate fauna of a Missouri Ozark stream. Environmental Pollution, 63(1)
13-31.
 Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Appl. Bacteriology. 66: 265-275.
 Gibson, G.R. and Roberfroid , M. 1995.Dietary modulation of the humen colonic
microbiota: Introducing the concept of Probiotics. J. Nutri, 125:1401-1412.
 Ganguly, S. 2012. Leather processing industries generate effluents causing
environmental and water pollution: An Asian perspective. Journal for Indian
Leather Technologists' LXII (12) 1133-1137.
 Ganguly, S. 2012. Water pollution from various sources and human infringements.
AICRP on Post Harvest Technology (ICAR), Department of Fish Processing
Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. Ind. J. Sci.
Res. and Tech. 2013 1(1):54-55.
 Kivi, R. 2010. How Does Water Pollution Affect Fish? Available at (eHow.com).
 Queiroz, J.F. and Boyed , C.E. 1988. Effects of a bacterial inculum in channel catfish
ponds. J. world Aquaculture. Soc, 29 (1): 67-73.
 Tripathi, L.K. 2005. Water and Soli Management. ABD publishers, Jaipur.

27. THANK YOU