This presentation is a report to a group project prepared for EDDE 804 at Ed. D., Athabasca University, Canada in 2011

1. Open Learning: Lowering the Cost of Education Angela Batsford, Jan Thiessen, and Su-Tuan Lulee

3. In U.S. postsecondary education the Higher Education Price Index has an average change of 4.47% per year while the Consumer Price Index has only increased an average of3.4% per year. (Wellman, 2008, p.47).

6. Intervention Open learning is one solution to the rising cost in education

7. What is Open Learning?

9. Educational resources and learning software applications are free and available

13. How Open Learning Can Reduce Costs Source: http://wikieducator.org/OER_university

14. Leadership Solution - Complexity Leadership Complexity Leadership: Expanding leadership from “isolated, role-based actions of individuals to the innovative, contextual interactions” across a whole system” (Lichtenstein, Uhl-Bien, & Marion, 2006, p. 2). Enables the learning, creative, and adaptive capacity of complex adaptive systems (CAS) in knowledge-producing organizations or organizational units. Describes conditions in which adaptive dynamics emerge and generate creative and adaptive knowledge.

15. Complexity Leadership Theory Leadership not only a position and authority but also as an emergent, interactive dynamic that produces new patterns of behavior or new modes of operating. Focuses on identifying and exploring the strategies and behaviors that foster organizational sub-unit creativity, learning, and adaptability (Uhl-Bien et al., 2007). Leadership, as it in CLT, is the behavior and the resource elements of interacting individuals of the community come together in useful ways (Lichtenstein et al., 2006).

16. Open Learning as a Complex Adaptive System Different from traditional formal learning  informal; flexible pace, time and places; delivered through social networked learning environment. CCK08 Registration >2300 Students from >10 countries Tech. used: Skype, Wikis, SecondLife, Facebook, and Google Reader, etc. No existing learning paths & structures Information and social relation were splicing Open learning is a emergent, interactive, dynamic, and complex system.

17. Why CLT is a Good Fit for Open Learning? Addresses the nature of open learning: nonlinearly changeable, unpredictable in the long term, temporally based, and dynamic interaction. Allows a leadership perspective that extends beyond bureaucratic assumptions  leadership as a complex interactive dynamic through which adaptive outcomes emerge. Provides an overarching framework that describes the interplay of bureaucratic leadership (formal managerial roles) and CAS (emergent, interactive dynamic) (Uhl-Bien et al., 2007)

19. Observing the network of interaction & changing environmental demands

21. Analyzing the mechanisms, - correlated action- aggregation of ideas- behaviors that speed/enable certain activities- information flow - pattern formation

23. Adopting Complexity Leadership

24. Strategies for Leadership in Open Learning Identifying and shaping the patterns and structures in models for best interactions (Hazy, 2010) Focusing on how leadership may occur in any interaction Focusing on managing and leading Encouraging all members to be leaders Driving responsibility downward Using tension to create adaptive change Leveraging the capability of analytic tools(Lichtensein et al., 2006)

25. Case Study International Response: UNESCO (Dr. McGreal) http://elluminate.credenda.net/play_recording.html?recordingId=1251333289787_1299602421128 Institutional/Organizational Response: Athabasca University (Dr. Ives) http://elluminate.credenda.net/play_recording.html?recordingId=1251333289888_1298671598172 Grassroots Response

26. Conclusions Open Learning – New opportunities and challenges Cost effective model  Complexity leadership Further research - How we can learn in an open world and the leadership required

27. References Calder, J., & McCollum, A. (1998). Open and flexible learning in vocational education and training. London: Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=tQsUuFarOIoC&pg=PA13&dq=definition+of+open+learning&hl=en&ei=l_BfTcSIJMSclget6f2QDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=definition%20of%20open%20learning&f=false CBC News. (2010).Tuition fees on the rise ... again. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2008/05/15/f-highereducation-tuitionfees.html Godwin, S., McAndrew, P.,& Santos, A. “Behind the Scenes with OpenLearn: the Challenges of Researching the Provision of Open Educational Resources.” The Electronic Journal of e-Learning Volume 6 Issue 2, 139 - 148, Retrieved from www.ejel.org Hazy, J. K. (2010). Complexity thinking and leadership: How nonlinear models of human organizing dynamics can inform management practice. Adelphi University School of Business Working Paper SB-WP-2010-01. Retrieved from http://business.adelphi.edu/pdfs/SB-WP-2010-01.pdf Holt, D., & Bonnici,, J. (1988). In Rowntree. D. (1992). Exploring open and distance learning. London: Routledge Jarvis, P., Holford, J., & Griffin, C. (2003). The theory & practice of learning. Oxford & New York: Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=TjoIGr8HrdoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Lataif, L (2011) . Universities on the brink: ever increasing costs of education not sustainable. Retrieved from gttp://www.forbes.com/2011/02/01/college-education-bubble-opinions-contributors-louis-lataif.html Lem, S. (2009). High cost of higher education. Retrieved from http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2009/08/24/10580281-sun.html

28. References Cont’d Lewis R., & Spencer, D. (1986). In Rowntree. D. (1992). Exploring open and distance learning. London: Routledge. Lichenstein, B. B., Uhl-Bien, M., & Marion, R. (2006). Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive system. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 8(4), 2-12. Rowntree. D. (1992). Exploring open and distance learning. London: Routledge. Siemens, G. (2010, October 18). Managing & Learning in Massive(ly) Open Online Courses. Presented at the Open Access Week, Athabasca, Canada. Retrieved from http://auspace.athabascau.ca:8080/dspace/handle/2149/2838 Simon, S., & Banchero, S. (2010). Putting a price on professors. Wall Street Journal (October 22, 2010). Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703735804575536322093520994.html Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., & McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(4), 298-318. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.002 UNESCO, (2010) . ICTs in education. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/icts/learning-and-teaching/open-educational-resources/. Wellman, J. V., Desrochers, D. M., & Lenihan, C. M. (2008). The growing imbalance: Recent trend in U.S. postsecondary education finance . Washington, D.C.: Delta Project on Postsecondary Education Costs, Productivity and Accountability. Retrieved from http://www.deltacostproject.org/resources/pdf/imbalance20080423.pdf WikiEducator. OER university. Retrieved from http://wikieducator.org/OER_university Wiley, D. A. (2010). Openness as catalyst for an educational reformation. EDUCAUSE Review, Open, 45(4). Retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/ERVolume442009/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume45/209245

29. Resources for Further Study Complexity and Education http://www.complexityandeducation.ualberta.ca/index.htm Complexity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/complicity IRRODL: Special Issue - Openness and the Future of HE http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/issue/view/38