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Supporting the War Effort
 U.S.
   Had large navy
   World’s 16th largest army (125,000 men)
     Would have to mobilize quickly to contribute

 Selective Service
   Declaration of War = eager young men volunteering for
    military service
      Not enough to expand army
   Wilson wanted draft established
     Selective Service Act passed
          All young men between 21-30 to register for the military draft
   Not subject to draft
   30,000 volunteered
   Most served in Army & Navy Nurse Corps
   Others preformed clerical work
   Women were divided on war topic
     Some favored war, others opposed it
 Jane Addams
     Cofounded Women’s Peace Party in 1915
 Jeannette Rankin of Montana
     1st women elected to Congress
     Voted against Wilson’s war resolution
 Carrie Chapman Catt
     Urged women to support war effort
     Hoped it would gain women the right to vote
 Reflected diversity within the U.S.
   1 in 5 recruits had been born in foreign lands
       Philippines, Mexico, Italy, etc.
       Native Americans, who were not U.S. citizens, fought in WWI
 38,000 served
 Opportunities restricted
 Encouraged to support the
  war effort by W.E.B. Du Bois
 Faced discrimination in
  military
    Placed in all black units
    10% sent to combat
    Most unloaded ships, worked
     in kitchens, or constructed
     barracks
 Some served w/ French units
    Harlem hell Fighters received
     France’s highest medal for
     bravery, the cross of war
 1 in 4 draftees were illiterate
 Some from poor rural areas not use to eating daily
  meals, taking regular baths, or using indoor plumbing
 Military taught men how to fight & read
 Also learned about nutrition, personal hygiene, &
  patriotism
 Managing food supplies:
   Herbert Hoover lead Food Administration
      Job was to assure adequate food supplies to civilians & troops
      Americans urged to conserve: “wheatless Mondays” “meatless
       Tuesdays”
 Producing for War
   American industry demands increased
   War Industries Board set up
      Oversaw shift to war production
      Had limited power at 1st
      w/ new head WIB had power to tell industries what to
       produce, how much to charge, & how to use scarce resources
 Labor shortage w/ war
   Millions of men joined military
   Decline in immigration
 Business owners turned to 2 sources
   Women: took on roles denied to them before the war
   African Americans: left rural South to work in factories
 Calling for Patriotism
   Committee on Public
    Information
      75,000 “Four-Minute
       Men” recruited
        Delivered brief patriotic
         speeches
      Artists
        Produced pro-war
         cartoons & posters
   Liberty Bonds
      Issued to help finance
       war
 Measures take to suppress critics
  of the war
   Espionage Act of 1917 & Sedition
    Act of 1918
      Newspapers closes & individuals
       jailed for expressing antiwar views
 War fever often collided with
  personal freedoms
 Private organizations started that
  encouraged people to spy on their
  neighbors
   American Protective League
      2000,000 members
      Opened peoples mail, tapped
       phones, & pried into medical
       records
 German Americans
   Shunned, harassed, & assaulted across the country
   Some tarred & feathered
   Schools stopped teaching German language
   Also affected language
      Sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage”
      German measles became “liberty measles”

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Ch 21 section 2

  • 2.  U.S.  Had large navy  World’s 16th largest army (125,000 men)  Would have to mobilize quickly to contribute  Selective Service  Declaration of War = eager young men volunteering for military service  Not enough to expand army  Wilson wanted draft established  Selective Service Act passed  All young men between 21-30 to register for the military draft
  • 3. Not subject to draft  30,000 volunteered  Most served in Army & Navy Nurse Corps  Others preformed clerical work  Women were divided on war topic  Some favored war, others opposed it  Jane Addams  Cofounded Women’s Peace Party in 1915  Jeannette Rankin of Montana  1st women elected to Congress  Voted against Wilson’s war resolution  Carrie Chapman Catt  Urged women to support war effort  Hoped it would gain women the right to vote
  • 4.  Reflected diversity within the U.S.  1 in 5 recruits had been born in foreign lands  Philippines, Mexico, Italy, etc.  Native Americans, who were not U.S. citizens, fought in WWI
  • 5.  38,000 served  Opportunities restricted  Encouraged to support the war effort by W.E.B. Du Bois  Faced discrimination in military  Placed in all black units  10% sent to combat  Most unloaded ships, worked in kitchens, or constructed barracks  Some served w/ French units  Harlem hell Fighters received France’s highest medal for bravery, the cross of war
  • 6.  1 in 4 draftees were illiterate  Some from poor rural areas not use to eating daily meals, taking regular baths, or using indoor plumbing  Military taught men how to fight & read  Also learned about nutrition, personal hygiene, & patriotism
  • 7.  Managing food supplies:  Herbert Hoover lead Food Administration  Job was to assure adequate food supplies to civilians & troops  Americans urged to conserve: “wheatless Mondays” “meatless Tuesdays”  Producing for War  American industry demands increased  War Industries Board set up  Oversaw shift to war production  Had limited power at 1st  w/ new head WIB had power to tell industries what to produce, how much to charge, & how to use scarce resources
  • 8.  Labor shortage w/ war  Millions of men joined military  Decline in immigration  Business owners turned to 2 sources  Women: took on roles denied to them before the war  African Americans: left rural South to work in factories
  • 9.  Calling for Patriotism  Committee on Public Information  75,000 “Four-Minute Men” recruited  Delivered brief patriotic speeches  Artists  Produced pro-war cartoons & posters  Liberty Bonds  Issued to help finance war
  • 10.  Measures take to suppress critics of the war  Espionage Act of 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918  Newspapers closes & individuals jailed for expressing antiwar views  War fever often collided with personal freedoms  Private organizations started that encouraged people to spy on their neighbors  American Protective League  2000,000 members  Opened peoples mail, tapped phones, & pried into medical records
  • 11.  German Americans  Shunned, harassed, & assaulted across the country  Some tarred & feathered  Schools stopped teaching German language  Also affected language  Sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage”  German measles became “liberty measles”