A simple presentation on sequence of processes in spinnining and technical terms

1. BASICS OF SPINNING
S . S UBRAMANIAN
-A.M.I.E,M.B.A
Senior Lecturer
Department of Textile Technology
Rukmini Shanmugam Polytechnic College
Varichiyur
Madurai-625 020
Mobile: 98420/81403 E-mail: subbu3366@yahoo.com

2. TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY
One 0f the basic needs of human-beings.
 food to eat
 dress to wear
 house to live.
 --the dress to wear for the man-kind is
 Supplied by the textile industry.

3. TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY
 SPINNING--------Producing Yarn
 WEAVING---------Producing Fabric
 PROCEESING----Producing dyed &finished fabric
 KNITTING--------Producing inner wears
 garment-----------Ready to use goods

4. TYPES OF YARNS
Carded Yarn : Used as warp and weft yarns in
weaving and production of fabrics.
Combed Yarn
Knitted Yarn: : banians,jetty and others.
Industrial Yarn : Doubled,plied,cable ,tyre cord
yarns
Fancy Yarns : slub,snarl,cork-screw and many

5. SEQUENCES OF PROCESSES
 Ginning
 Mixing
 Blow-Room
 Carding
 Draw-Frame
 Simpex
 Ring spinning
 Cone winding or Reeling

6. YARN MANUFACTURE
Ginning Separating the cotton from the seed
 -Cleaned Cotton
Blow Room Initial opening and cleaning of cotton
 -Lap
Carding Fiber to fiber separation
 -Card Sliver
Drawing Parellelisation and uniformity
 -Draw-Frame Sliver

7. PRODUCT FLOW
Yarn manufacturing is a continuous process.
The raw matl cotton is converted into yarn continuously in a
sequence of process.
 Seed cotton
 Cleaned cotton
 Lap
 Card Sliver
 Draw Sliver
 Roving [rope form]
 Yarn in cops
 Yarn in cones
 Cones are packed in Bales.

8. GINNING
Ginning is the process of separting the seed from the
seed cotton.
Cleaned cotton is called as the Lint.
160-180 kgs of cotton are packed in jute or polythene
bags and sent to spinning mills for further processing.
First stage in the yarn manufacture.

9. BLOW-ROOM
 Opening and cleaning of fibres.
 opg & clg machines in the br line
 set of machineries
Opg by wire points and strikers in the rollers/beaters.
Opens to small tufts.
Lap- forming Unit
 2 beaters and calender rollers converts the opened
fibres to a sheet form and produces a continuous cotton
sheet in a roller
This is known us ‘LAP’

10. Carding
Fiber to Fibrer Seperation or Indivizulisation of fibers
Rollers covered with wire points.
100 of a Draft is given
LAP is converted to Card Sliver.

11. DRAW-FRAME
Parellelisation and Uniformity .
8 0f a slivers are doubled and 8 of a draft is given.
Doubling is the combination of the material
Doubling improves uniformity

12. SIMPLEX
OBJECTS
 Drafting
 Twisting
 Winding
 Building
Draw-frame sliver is converted to ROVING.

13. SIMPLEX-2
4pairs of Rollers.
Front zone,Middle zone, Back zone Drafts
Twist is introduced to the material [first]
Flyer introduces twist to the material.
Rove is wind to the bobbin due to the difference in
speeds betn the spindle &bobbin.
Package ,cylindrical body with conical ends is built by
building mechanism.

14. RING SPIINNING FRAME -1
Ultimate stage of yarn-manufacture
Roving is converted to yarn.
Objects Drafting
 Twisting
 Winding
 Building.
3 pairs of Roller drafting system.

15. RING SPINNING-2
Main Draft & Back Draft
Back or Break draft breaks the twist in the rove and
prepares the material for main drafting operation.
Twist is imparted by the traveller.
Yarn is wound to the spinning cop by the difference
in speed betn the spindle and traveller.
Banana shaped cop is built by the building
mechanism. round bottom with tapered ends.

16. CONE WINDING
 Small spg cops are converted into cones to a
standard wt of lkg cones.
Easy for subsequent operation warping.
Further cleaning and compact packages are
produced.
Modern Auto cone winders with electronic systems
are used for producjng superior quality yarn.
Auto coner spliced are used for Exports.[cone wt-
3to5kgs]

17. MODERN SPG TECHNIQUES
Open-end spinning
 Also known as sliver to yarn spg
 From DF slivers yarn is spun.
 simplex and cone wdg depts are eliminated.
 Cones of 4-5 kgs are produced.
 Suitable for only coarser counts up to 30’s.
 Mass production.

18. OE SPG PRINCIPLE
Rotor spinning

19. MODERN TECHNIQUES
 Dref spinning
Air Jet spinning

20. TECHNICAL TERMS-SPINNING
 Count
 Draft
 Twist

21. COUNT DEFINITION
Count of a yarn is a numerical expression which
defines the fineness .
 Its also called as Yarn number or linear density of the
yarn.
 Yarns are numbered from 1’s to 240’s.
Quality of the yarn.

22. English Count Classifn
 Coarser Count -------l’s to 30
 Medium--------------31’s to 59
 Finer------------------60’s to 9o
 Super fine-----------91’s to 12o and above

23. YARN NUMBERING
There are three systems of numbering the yarn.
 Direct system
 In-Direct system
Tex system or Universal system

24. INDIRECT SYSTEM
In Direct System
 count is the no of units of length per unit weight of
yarn.
 higher the count finer the yarn.
 Generally used for cotton,woolen, worsted and linen
yarns.

25. COUNT D.S
Direct System
 Count is the no of units of weight per unit
length of the yarn.
 Directly expresses the size of the Yarn
 Higher the number, Coarser the Yarn.
 Used for Silk ,jute.

26. DIRECT SYSTEM
Different Systems in Direct System
 wt per unit length is the basis.
 s.no system name weight ut Length ut
 1 silk, Nylon 0.05 gram 450
mts
 2 jute, hemp 1lb pound 14400
mts
 3 Tex 1 gm 1000 mts
 4 Denier 1gm 9000 mts

27. INDIRECT SYSTEM
I n D i r e c t s y stem
S.no Name of the system Weight ut Length ut
1 Cotton-English 1lb Hank of 840 yds
2 Cotton-French ½ kg Hank of 1000mts
3 Cotton-Metric 1kg Hank of 1000mts
4 Spun Silk 1lb Hank of 840 yds
5 Linen 1lb Lea of 300 yds
6 Worsted 1lb Hank of 560 yds
7 Wollen [american ] 1lb cut of 300 yds

28. COUNT U.S
Universal System
 Tex system is called as universal system.
 A direct system of yarn numbering
 Introduced by ISO and various organisations of
textile sector
 Applicable to yarns made from natural & synthetic
fibres.
used from fibre to yarn stage.
Recoginised all over the World.

29. TEX SYSTEM UNITS
Tex System
 Fibre---- milli tex
 yarn-----N0 of gms in 1000 metres.
 cords, ropes &twines---- Kilo tex.

30. English Count Defnition

31. English Count Explanation
English Count
 lx840 yards = l pound[840 yds] l’s
count
 lox840 yards= l pound[8400] lo’s count
 loox840yards= lpound[84000]loo’s
coun
 8400 yards also weighing l pound.
 How it is possible?
When the length increases, the thickness or wt of the

32. DRAFT DEFINITION
DRAFT
Drafting is the process of attenuating or increasing
the length per unit weight of the material

33. ACHIEVING THE DRAFT
The successive pairs of rollers are revolving at a relatively higher surface speed
than the preceding pairs of rollers.
By this difference in speeds , the material gets stretched or attenuated or ,
elongated and thus drafting takes place in the spinning machines.

34. DRAFT EXAMPLE
Example
Take a rubberband.
Hold it in your left hand and stretch the rubber band with
your right hand.
The length of the band increases and the thickness reduces.
The same thing happens to the cotton in the drafting zone.
Length increases and thickness or wt of the tuft decreases
due to the difference in the speeds of the drafting rollers.

35. RUBBER BAND
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36. RUBBER BAND
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37. Main Zone Draft
MAIN DRAFT
Draft between the front roller and the back roller
Main Draft= Surface speed of Front Roller
---------------------------------------
surface speed of Back Roller

38. MIDDLE ZONE DRAFT
Draft between the 3 roller and 2 roller
 MZD= S.S of 3 roller
S.S of2 roller

39. BACK ZONE DRAFT

 Draft between back roller and 3 roller
 BZD= SSof 4roller
 SS of 3roller
Also called as Break Draft. Breaks the twist in the
material and opens the fibers for main drafting action.

40. Draft Formulas
Actual draft = Hank of material del
Hank of material fed
wt/ ut length of matl fed
wt/ ut length of matl delivered.
= Mechanical draft x[100 +Waste%]/was
Total Draft= Product of all Zonal Drafts

41. TWIST DEFN
Skinkle defines twist as the number of spiral turns
given to a yarn in order to hold the constituent fibers
or threads together.
 In a spinning process,a strand of fiber in a parallel
form is drafted and twisted on its own axis to form a
Yarn.
Expressed as the number of turns per unit length of
yarn.
Turns/Inch TPI or Turns/metre TPM.


42. TWIST
OBJECTS
 To impart strength to the yarn
 To orient the fibers to the central axis
 To prevent slough-off
 To produce a compact package

43. TWIST FORMULA
 TPI= TM x Hank of Rove
 = TM or TF x Count of Yarn.
Twist Multiplier or Twist Factor is directly
proportional to the tangent of the twist angle.
The value of tm is decided by the spinner based on
experience and the norms given by SITRA.

44. TWIST
Direction of Twist
S-Twist
when the spirals are in line with the central
portion of the letter S.
Z-Twist
when the spirals are in line with the central
portion of the letter Z.

45. CONCLUSION
FEED BACK & CLARIFICATION
11/1/11
CONCLUSION
FEED BACK & CLARIFICATION
THANK U