1. S.SUBRAMANIYAN
FNFT-MA2-05

2. • INTRODUCTION
• LOSSES
• CHANGES
• STORAGE TIME
• PRECAUTION
• CONCLUSION

3. • All feeds needs to be stored if it isn’t used as fresh as
possible.
• Pivotal step in all type of feeds.
• To avoid losses & changes.

4. • Weight loss
• Quality loss
• Financial loss
• Health risk

5. • Harming insects
• Rodents & Birds
• Microbial action
• Fungal action
• Oxidation
• Chemical action
• Storage practices

6. • Contaminate with faeces, webbed parts, body organs, odours &
micro organisms.
• Pathogen carriers
• Population by favourable condition
• Weight loss, fungal growth leads to other contaminators.
• Control measures: Vigilance, separation of infested feeds.

7. Rice weevil Khapra beetle
Red floor beetle Acorn weevil

8. Stout weevil Blue weevil
Grain moth Lesser grain borer

10. • consumption of feeds & contaminate by excreta, hair, and dead
bodies.
• Each rat - 10,000 droppings, 4 liters of urine
5 lakhs of hair / year.
• Each rat eats - 8.5% of its body weight/day.

11. • Losses caused by birds are 0.85% of the stored material.
• Consume feeds & contaminate by excreta and feathers.
• Each bird can consume on an average 25 g grain/ day.

12. • Biological contaminants
• Moisture content - 25%
• Relative humidity - 90%
• Temperature – 35-45°c
• Moulds, fungi, pathogenic bacteria
• Control measures: Great care on moisture & heat.

14. • Relative humidity : 70 %
• Temperature – 35-40°c
• Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp
• Reduce nutritional value by enzymatic digestion
• Losses of dietary nutrients

15. • Mycotoxin production
(Carcinogenic metabolites )
• Heating & moisture increase
• Weight loss
• Discolouration
• Mustiness( off- flavour)

17. • Lipids get rancid by break down
• Fermentation of carbohydrates
• Reduction of Amino acids availability
• Vitamin & mineral potency decreases
• More susceptible – vitamin c

19. • General hygienic condition
• Protection - High temperature, humidity, moisture, insect and
rodents.
• Duration of storage time – Minimum
• Turn over of old goods , bags & allied things

20. Type of feed Storage time in Storage time in
tropical countries temperate countries
( Months ) ( Months )
Dry feeds 1-2 1-2
Ingredients 1-2 2-3
Wetted ingredients 2-3 2-3
Frozen feeds 2-3 2-3
Grains & oil cakes 3-4 5-6
Vitamin-Mineral 5-6 5-6
pre mixtures

21. • Insulation
• Ventilation
• Storage hoppers and silos

22. • To prevent extreme cool & heat.
• Insulators should be water & vapour proof.
• Insulating materials :
Wall work:
∞ 215mm dense hollow concrete block
∞ 6mm cement fibre sandwich on 50×50mm timber
frame with expanded polyester core

23. Roof work:
Corrugated cement fibre sheet
Corrugated sheet steel + fibre board
Floor work:
Dense concrete
Concrete slatted panel.

24. • Air exchange to lower temperature & control humidity
Natural way Partly controlled Totally controlled
(Open front/ open ridge) ( Exhaust fan ) (Pressurized fans)
Most common method Not suitable to partially Costly one
opened building

26. i. Store in a dry, cool and ventilated area.
ii. Place in wooden spacers not more than 5 bags to avoid low
air circulation.
iii. Avoid direct exposure to sun light, to avoid vitamin and lipid
deterioration .
iv. Minimum storage duration : 2-3 months
v. Storage area : 100% water proof, Damp proof.

27. • Provide separate storage building with adequate fencing &
lockable doors.
• Ensure to avoid rain water through roof.
• Ventilation points
• Entry points to be meshed .
• Use register to record the amount of feed received in store

28. • Oldest feeds must be used first
• Feed sacks must be placed on the wooden spacers to avoid
moisture.
• Remove old sacks & used things.
• Keep the store clean

29. • Avoid damp & insect infested feeds
• Plan to purchase feeds to avoid higher stocks.
• Do not walk on stacks of compounded feeds
• Do not allow workers to eat, sleep & smoke
• Sacks mustn’t touch side walls/floor .

30. • An aquaculture system mostly relay upon supplemented feeds
i.e. can be produced artificially that gives main input costs
( 50%)
• The feeds produced by large quantities may not be broadcasted
at single time, so storage needs to be followed.
• Storage never gives quality feeds, but good storage will retard
the feeds from rapid deterioration.
• Prolonged storage duration leads to deterioration of aqua feeds,
So feed storage time must be in less time.