SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 36
Baixar para ler offline
FACTORS AFFECTING
SEASONING OF TIMBER USING
 SAWDUST OPERATED KILN




      P L A M C Wijewarnasuriya
           H S Amarasekera
 University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri
                  Lanka
Introduction

Seasoning is a value addition to timber.

Cost of seasoning is not affordable to small scale saw
millers.

Senadheera (2009) developed a sawdust burner for
seasoning of timber and it has been coupled to a kiln
chamber (50ft3) situated in University of Sri
Jayewardenepura.

In this study , performance and feasibility of that sawdust
operated kiln was investigated with a view to improve its
efficiency.
Objectives


To improve the efficiency and to investigate the
performance of sawdust operated kiln


To compare the university kiln with some selected
industrially operating kilns in the country
For the first objective


(01) Effect of particle size of sawdust on the efficiency of
            the burner

Sawdust was divided into two main groups based on
particle size using a mesh having 1mm wide pores.
Each sawdust group was burnt separately under a same
feeding rate and water was heated. Temperature of water
after a certain time period was measured.
Variation of temperature in water Vs time for different
sawdust types




Water – 1000 ml   Time – 30 min   Feeding rate – 20 g min-1
(02) Effect of sawdust feeding rate on the efficiency of the
     burner


Water was heated from the heat generated by the most
efficient sawdust type (particle diameter > 1mm) burner
under different sawdust feeding rates.
Variation of temperature in water Vs time for different
sawdust feeding rates




 Water - 2000 ml   Ti me - 30 min   Sawdust particle size - > 1 mm
(03) Arrangement of heat transferring pipe in the kiln chamber




       heat
   transferring
       pipe                     Timber
                                 stack
(04) Drying of rubber wood using sawdust operated kiln

 Dimensions of timber boards – 100 cm * 15 cm * 2.5 cm
 Sticker thickness – 25 mm
 Sampling – 8 boards were randomly selected
Drying rate
Mass of water removed from timber per hour during the kiln
run
      Drying rate = MW / T
MW - mass of water removed from timber in each stage
T    - time taken


       Drying rate = %MC / T
%MC - percentage moisture content reduced in a certain
      period of time
T   - time taken
Drying efficiency
Percentage of water removed in a certain time period in
relation to total water content in timber.


      Drying efficiency = ms / mt * 100%


ms - weight of water removed from each stage
mt - total water content in the timber
Drying characteristics of rubber wood

Variation of moisture content in rubber wood with the time
Time     Final MC in wood       Drying rate               Drying efficiency
  hrs                   %    g of water hr-1   % MC hr-1                 %
  0-8                54.66         1181.25          0.90               14.34
 8-16                48.38         1031.25          0.79               12.52
 16-24               43.93           900.00         0.56               10.93
 24-32               40.16           774.00         0.47                9.40
 32-40               36.50           666.00         0.46                8.09
 40-48               32.62           600.00         0.49                7.29
 48-56               29.42           525.00         0.40                6.37
 56-64               26.79           431.25         0.33                5.24
 64-72               24.28           412.50         0.31                5.01
 72-80               21.88           393.75         0.30                4.78
 80-88               20.05           300.00         0.23                3.64
 88-96               18.45           262.50         0.20                3.19
96-104               17.20           206.25         0.16                2.50
104-112              16.17           168.75         0.13                2.05
112-120              15.14           150.00         0.13                1.82
120-128              14.23           114.00         0.11                1.38
128-136              13.89            84.00         0.04                1.02
136-144              12.97            54.00         0.11                0.66
 0-144               13.00           458.58         0.34                81.3
According to Ratnayake (1998); a study has been done
for same volume (25 ft3) of rubber wood using the same
kiln chamber; it has taken only 62 hours for the kiln run
under a dehumidifying system.

Average drying rate was found to be 459 g of water
evaporated per hour for present study while
dehumidifying system has exhibited an average drying
rate of 1290 g of water per hour

When drying rate is expressed as reduction of %MC per
hour, in respect of present study it ranged 0.04 – 0.90
%MC hr-1 and in respect of previous study (Senadheera,
2009) it ranged 0.16 – 0.60 %MC hr1.
(05) Investigation of drying behaviour of different timber
     species

Selected species
Rubber        - Hevea brasiliensis
Albizia       - Paraserianthes falcataria
Lunumidella - Melia dubia
Mahogany      - Swietenia macrophylla

Dimensions of timber boards – 100cm * 15cm * 2.5cm

 Sampling – 3 boards for each species was randomly
 selected
Variation of moisture content in different timbers with the time
For second objective

Comparison of kilns

Performance of sawdust operated university kiln (UNI) was
compared with
       State Timber Coporation – Kaldemulla (STC)
       Rowood Lanka Ltd – Nelundeniya (RWD)


 STC kiln: chamber capacity 4096 ft3, operated with two
           boilers (furnace oil and wood waste)

 RWD kiln: chamber capacity 920 ft3, operated with a boiler
           (sawdust)
Comparison of kilns was done based on costs and
benefits generated by kilns when seasoning 25mm thick
rubber wood boards under 25mm thick stickers.

In order to dry rubber wood from green conditions upto
13% of moisture content, UNI, STC and RWD kilns
consume 144, 144 and 216 hours respectively.

Costs and benefits were estimated for each kiln for
annual wise assuming that number of operating days per
year is 320.

Therefore, number of possible kiln runs per year for UNI,
STC and RWD kilns are 53, 53 and 35.
Estimated costs and benefits for selected kilns

                                            UNI kiln                      STC kiln                       RWD kiln
Establishment cost (Rs)

Building                                     42,123.00                   326,305.00                102,400.00 

Technology                                   32,500.00                5,506,000.00                356,000.00 


Costs (Rs yr-1)
Annualised cost                                8,573.00                  723,895.00                  46,805.00 

Timber                                     212,000.00               17,367,040.00                       2,576,000.00 

Labour                                     180,000.00                 1,968,000.00                540,000.00 

Maintenance                                  15,000.00                      75,000.00                  40,000.00 

Electricity                                133,290.00            196,705.00                790,326.00 
                                                            -                                                      -  
Fuel wood                                                            2,880,000.00                                    

Sawdust                                      20,670.00                              -                  106,312.00 
                                                            -                                                            -  
Furnace oil                                                          4,032,000.00                                          
                                6,155.00                                                 36,495.00                   
CO2 emission                                                              1,078,271.00 
                                                                                                                           
Benefit (Rs yr-1)                      UNI kiln            STC kiln          RWD kiln
                                                                                           
Revenue from timber                 477,000.00  39,061,440.00             5,796,000.00 
                                                                                             
Savings due to use of wood waste    383,125.00         2,746,046.00       1,970,490.00 
                                                                                             
CO2 benefit (neutral emission)      107,748.00         1,657,655.00         554,181.00 
(01) Cost per unit volume (C1)

         C1 = C / V

C- total cost of kiln run             V- volume of timber

  Kiln                          Cost (Rs ft-3)
                   Without CO2 emission     With CO2 emission
                                   cost                   cost
  UNI                            429.84                 434.50

  STC                            260.98                 260.90

  RWD                            254.31                 256.60

 Cost efficiency increases : UNI < STC < RWD

 However, cost efficiencies of STC and RWD kilns are almost same.
Percentage contribution of each cost on total cost of seasoning

          Costs (Rs yr-1)                   % Contribution
                                          UNI      STC       RWD
          Annualised cost                   1.5      2.6       1.0
          Timber                           36.8     61.3      62.4
          Labour                           31.3      7.0      13.1
          Maintenance                       2.6      0.3       1.0
          Electricity                      23.2      0.7      19.1
          Fuelwood                          0.0     10.2       0.0
          Sawdust                           3.6      0.0       2.6
          Furnace oil                       0.0     14.2       0.0
          CO2 emission                      1.1      3.8       0.9
          Total                           100.0    100.0     100.0
(02) Cost per unit volume per unit time (C2)

      C2 = C / (V*T)

C- total cost of kiln run    V- volume of timber
T- time taken for the kiln run


        Kiln           Cost (Rs ft-3 hr-1)
        UNI                          3.02

        STC                          1.81

        RWD                          1.19


  Cost efficiency increases : UNI < STC < RWD
Comparison of two cost comparisons

Here, two kilns were compared with the kiln which
possesses the least cost of seasoning.


    Kiln                       Comparison

               Cost for unit       Cost for unit volume and
                 volume                     time
    UNI             1.7                       2.5
    STC             1.0                        1.5

    RWD             1.0                        1.0
(03) Cost-benefit analysis

Net Present Values were calculated for 15 years based on
following assumptions.
   Annual discount rate is 10%.
   Annual depreciation rate for buildings is 6%.
   Technology life time for UNI, STC and RWD kilns are 5, 15 and 15
   years respectively.
   Timber supply and sale during the concerned period of time is
   consistent.


              Kiln          Net Present Value
                                      (Rs millions)
              UNI                               2.68
              STC                           104.43
              RWD                            28.84
Conclusions

The efficient sawdust feeding rate for the burner is
60 g per minute and sawdust piraticle size should be
more than 1 mm.

Under the existing performance the kiln is suitable
only for fast drying timber species such as rubber
wood and albizia.

The kiln is not suitable to run as an enterprise as it is
not cost efficient.
Recommendations
Existing heat transfer technology (hot exhaust gas) should
be changed to steam or hot water. (The maximum
temperature obtained by the kiln chamber was 420C under
the existing heat transfer technology.)

Identified design error regarding the burner should be
corrected. (Total area of combustion chamber should be
utilised for sawdust burning.)

Electricity consumption during kiln operation should be
minimised. (One circulatory fan should be used out of two
fans.)
References

Gjerdrum,  P.  (2000).  Cost  efficient  timber  drying,  Proceedings of 2nd
Workshop on Quality Drying of Hardwoods, Sopron, Hungary.

Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H. (1973). Chemical Engineer’s Hand Book, 
4th edition. pp 245.

Ratnayake  R.S.S.  (1998).  Development  of  drying  schedules  for  rubber 
and  pine  timbers  for  the  dehumidification  kiln  drying,  M.Sc.  thesis, 
Department  of  forestry  and  environmental  science,  University  of  Sri 
Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.

Senadheera,  D.K.L.K.  (2009).  Development  of  sawdust  burner  for  kiln 
seasoning  of  timber,  B.Sc.  dissertation,  Department  of  forestry  and 
environmental science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN
Moisture content in moisture content test pieces (MCTP)
        MC = (m1 – m0) / m0 * 100%
m1 –average initial weight of MCTP
m0 – average oven dry weight of MCTP



Estimated oven dry weight of sample boards
        MO = M1 / ( MC / 100 + 1)
M1 – initial weight of the sample board



Current moisture content of sample boards
        MP = ( M2/M0 ) – 1) * 100%
M2 - current weight of the sample board
PV    - present value of investment for technology (Rs)
                     r     - annual discount rate (yr-1)
                     t     - life time of machinery (yrs)


     Annualised cost =      PV x r
                          [1 – (1 + r)-t]

PV     - present value of investment for technology (Rs)
r      - annual discount rate (yr-1)
t      - life time of machinery (yrs)


     Cost of Timber = PG x N x VT
VT     - timber volume per kiln run (capacity for timber in kiln chamber) (ft3)
N      - number of kiln runs per year
PG     - unit price of green timber (Rs. ft-3)


      Cost of labour = NL x S

NL    - number of labourers
S     - monthly salary (Rs. month-1)
Cost of energy = AE x N x PE

AE   - amount of energy source per kiln run (kg or ℓ or kWh)
N    - number of kiln runs
PE   - unit price of energy (Rs kg-1 or Rs ℓ-1 or Rs kWh-1)



     Cost for CO2 emission = Af x N x Df x F x VC
                                 1000
Af   - amount of furnace oil per kiln run (ℓ)
N    - number of kiln runs per year
Df   - density of furnace oil (kg ℓ-1)
F    - factor for carbon dioxide emission per unit mass of furnace oil (kg kg-1)
VC   - annual value of carbon dioxide emission (Rs Mt-1)
Revenue from seasoned timber = 0.9 x VT x N x PS

RT     - annual revenue from timber (Rs)
VT     - timber volume per kiln run (capacity for timber in kiln chamber) (ft3)
N      - number of kiln runs per year
PS     - unit price of seasoned timber (Rs. ft-3)



     Cost saving due to use of wood waste = [ MW x HW x CO ] – CW
                                                HO
CO     - unit cost of furnace oil (Rs ℓ-1)
CW     - annual cost of wood waste (Rs)
HO     - calorific value of furnace oil (MJ ℓ-1)
HW     - calorific value of wood waste (MJ kg-1)
MW     - annual requirement of wood waste (kg)
Benefit due to neutral CO2 emission =     MW x HW x Df x F x VC
                                                     1000 x HO

Df   - density of furnace oil (kg ℓ-1)
F    - factor for carbon dioxide emission per unit mass of furnace oil (kg kg-1)
HO   - calorific value of furnace oil (MJ ℓ-1)
HW   - calorific value of wood waste (MJ kg-1)
MW   - annual requirement of wood waste (kg)
VC   - annual value of carbon dioxide emission (Rs Mt-1)


      Building resale value = BV – (BV x DR x LT)

BV   - present value of the building (Rs)
DR   - depreciation rate for buildings (yr-1)
LT   - time period (yrs)
The density of furnace oil is 1.005 kg ℓ-1 and burning of 1 kg of
furnace     oil    emits       3.15      kg     of     CO2      (
http://numero57.net/2008/03/20/carbon-dioxide-emissions-per-bar
 as at 10/08/2010). The annual cost of CO2 emission is US $
20 Mt-1 (Source: New south Wales Environmental Protection
Authority, 1998) calculated in 1998. 1 US $ is Rs 111.58 (
www.cbsl.gov.lk as at 10/08/2010). CO2 emission cost was
converted for year 2010 according to following formula.


      Value in 1998       GDP deflactor for 1998
                      =
      Value in 2010       GDP deflactor for 2010

 GDP deflators for year 1998 and year 2010 are 85.51 and
 109.77 respectively. Therefore, estimated CO2 emission
 value for year 2010 is US $ 26.44.
However, 60% of electricity generation in Sri Lanka is based on 
fossil fuels mainly oil (
http://www.energy.gov.lk/pdf/Sri%20Lanka%20Energy%20Balance%
 as at 12/08/2010). 
Therefore,  electricity  consumption  (60%)  is  responsible  for 
emission of CO-2. Therefore, there is a cost of CO-2 emission due 
to use of electricity for all three kilns.             
In order to generate 1 kWh; fossil oil releases 0.24 kg of CO2  (
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/co2-emission-fuels-d_1085.html a
).

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Chapter 7: Timber
Chapter 7: TimberChapter 7: Timber
Chapter 7: Timber
 
Seasoning of timber
Seasoning of timberSeasoning of timber
Seasoning of timber
 
Grains of wood
Grains of woodGrains of wood
Grains of wood
 
11 conversion of timber
11 conversion of timber11 conversion of timber
11 conversion of timber
 
Composite wood and Adhesives
Composite wood and AdhesivesComposite wood and Adhesives
Composite wood and Adhesives
 
Laminated wood
Laminated woodLaminated wood
Laminated wood
 
OSB & WOOD COMPOSITES
OSB & WOOD COMPOSITESOSB & WOOD COMPOSITES
OSB & WOOD COMPOSITES
 
Timber products
Timber productsTimber products
Timber products
 
Timber ppt-1
Timber ppt-1Timber ppt-1
Timber ppt-1
 
Plywood
PlywoodPlywood
Plywood
 
Timber
TimberTimber
Timber
 
Wood properties.pptx
Wood properties.pptxWood properties.pptx
Wood properties.pptx
 
Seasoning of timber
Seasoning of timberSeasoning of timber
Seasoning of timber
 
Types of woods
Types of woodsTypes of woods
Types of woods
 
Timber
TimberTimber
Timber
 
Cleaning grading &amp; conveying
Cleaning grading &amp; conveyingCleaning grading &amp; conveying
Cleaning grading &amp; conveying
 
Wood (Microstructure)
Wood (Microstructure)Wood (Microstructure)
Wood (Microstructure)
 
Physical properties and moisture relations of wood
Physical properties and moisture relations of woodPhysical properties and moisture relations of wood
Physical properties and moisture relations of wood
 
15 manufactured boards
15 manufactured boards15 manufactured boards
15 manufactured boards
 
Modern type storage
Modern type storageModern type storage
Modern type storage
 

Destaque

Teaching Digital Natives - Education 2.0
Teaching  Digital Natives - Education 2.0  Teaching  Digital Natives - Education 2.0
Teaching Digital Natives - Education 2.0 Hiran Amarasekera
 
Telugu Ethics In Public Administration
Telugu Ethics In Public AdministrationTelugu Ethics In Public Administration
Telugu Ethics In Public AdministrationVEDAGIRI_KANDURU
 
Timber seasoning
Timber seasoningTimber seasoning
Timber seasoningAnandanmol
 
Download Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... ppt
Download Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... pptDownload Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... ppt
Download Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... pptVideoguy
 
Understanding Print Reference Resources
Understanding Print Reference ResourcesUnderstanding Print Reference Resources
Understanding Print Reference Resourceshisled
 
Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005
Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005
Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005VEDAGIRI_KANDURU
 
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee UniversityPrimary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee UniversityJonathan Underwood
 
Unit 5 - Sources of Information
Unit 5 - Sources of InformationUnit 5 - Sources of Information
Unit 5 - Sources of InformationRobbieA
 
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...Arniel Ping
 
What are Information Sources?
What are Information Sources?What are Information Sources?
What are Information Sources?Johan Koren
 
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information Sources
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information SourcesMedia and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information Sources
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information SourcesArniel Ping
 
Sources of information
Sources of informationSources of information
Sources of informationmcarrwmcc
 
5. timber seasoning
5. timber seasoning5. timber seasoning
5. timber seasoningSt. Pat's
 
Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)
Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)
Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)Beat Signer
 

Destaque (18)

Praveen chelumalla resume
Praveen chelumalla resumePraveen chelumalla resume
Praveen chelumalla resume
 
Teaching Digital Natives - Education 2.0
Teaching  Digital Natives - Education 2.0  Teaching  Digital Natives - Education 2.0
Teaching Digital Natives - Education 2.0
 
Telugu Ethics In Public Administration
Telugu Ethics In Public AdministrationTelugu Ethics In Public Administration
Telugu Ethics In Public Administration
 
Timber seasoning
Timber seasoningTimber seasoning
Timber seasoning
 
Download Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... ppt
Download Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... pptDownload Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... ppt
Download Infomation Technology Then... Now... And Then... ppt
 
Understanding Print Reference Resources
Understanding Print Reference ResourcesUnderstanding Print Reference Resources
Understanding Print Reference Resources
 
12 seasoning
12 seasoning12 seasoning
12 seasoning
 
Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005
Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005
Telugu PPT on Right to Information Act, 2005
 
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee UniversityPrimary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
Primary vs Secondary Sources by Dana Chandler, Archivist, Tuskegee University
 
Unit 5 - Sources of Information
Unit 5 - Sources of InformationUnit 5 - Sources of Information
Unit 5 - Sources of Information
 
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 3. Information Literacy - Information ...
 
What are Information Sources?
What are Information Sources?What are Information Sources?
What are Information Sources?
 
Print and non print resources
Print and non print resourcesPrint and non print resources
Print and non print resources
 
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information Sources
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information SourcesMedia and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information Sources
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) - 5. Media and Information Sources
 
Sources of information
Sources of informationSources of information
Sources of information
 
Wood Seasoning
Wood SeasoningWood Seasoning
Wood Seasoning
 
5. timber seasoning
5. timber seasoning5. timber seasoning
5. timber seasoning
 
Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)
Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)
Relational Database Design - Lecture 4 - Introduction to Databases (1007156ANR)
 

Semelhante a FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN

2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINAL
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINAL2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINAL
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINALSandra Broekema
 
Boiler ea case study 16 jan 2012 varanasi
Boiler ea case study  16 jan 2012 varanasiBoiler ea case study  16 jan 2012 varanasi
Boiler ea case study 16 jan 2012 varanasiD.Pawan Kumar
 
Past, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systems
Past, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systemsPast, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systems
Past, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systemsnslans
 
Design and balance : Styrene Oxide Production
Design and balance : Styrene Oxide ProductionDesign and balance : Styrene Oxide Production
Design and balance : Styrene Oxide ProductionARITRA MUKHERJEE
 
Making Cents of LEDs
Making Cents of LEDsMaking Cents of LEDs
Making Cents of LEDscleanwi
 
Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015
Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015
Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015John Dunne
 
Renewable energy consumption estimates by source
Renewable energy consumption estimates by sourceRenewable energy consumption estimates by source
Renewable energy consumption estimates by sourceSunworks
 
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of Biodiesel
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of BiodieselJatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of Biodiesel
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of BiodieselZK8
 
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrc
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrc01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrc
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrcprjpublications
 
Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012
Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012
Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012Minotaur Exploration
 
Calendario valorizado sistema de recreacion amotape
Calendario valorizado  sistema de recreacion amotapeCalendario valorizado  sistema de recreacion amotape
Calendario valorizado sistema de recreacion amotapeEdikson Soto
 
Use Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv Final
Use Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv FinalUse Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv Final
Use Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv FinalDavid Maikowski, MBA, PMP
 

Semelhante a FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN (20)

Summer
SummerSummer
Summer
 
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINAL
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINAL2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINAL
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINAL
 
Val01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdf
Val01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdfVal01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdf
Val01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdf
 
Val01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdf
Val01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdfVal01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdf
Val01 Oficina c&b Manuelita.pdf
 
Boiler ea case study 16 jan 2012 varanasi
Boiler ea case study  16 jan 2012 varanasiBoiler ea case study  16 jan 2012 varanasi
Boiler ea case study 16 jan 2012 varanasi
 
INFORME VELAZCO NUMERO 1 (3).pdf
INFORME VELAZCO NUMERO 1 (3).pdfINFORME VELAZCO NUMERO 1 (3).pdf
INFORME VELAZCO NUMERO 1 (3).pdf
 
Biomass drying for combustion
Biomass drying for combustionBiomass drying for combustion
Biomass drying for combustion
 
Past, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systems
Past, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systemsPast, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systems
Past, current and future developments of modern forest fuel systems
 
Csir
CsirCsir
Csir
 
Jute Formula
Jute   FormulaJute   Formula
Jute Formula
 
Design and balance : Styrene Oxide Production
Design and balance : Styrene Oxide ProductionDesign and balance : Styrene Oxide Production
Design and balance : Styrene Oxide Production
 
Making Cents of LEDs
Making Cents of LEDsMaking Cents of LEDs
Making Cents of LEDs
 
Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015
Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015
Skimming Vision System Project (4) 6th Feb 2015
 
Renewable energy consumption estimates by source
Renewable energy consumption estimates by sourceRenewable energy consumption estimates by source
Renewable energy consumption estimates by source
 
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of Biodiesel
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of BiodieselJatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of Biodiesel
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of Biodiesel
 
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrc
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrc01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrc
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrc
 
Global warning
Global warningGlobal warning
Global warning
 
Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012
Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012
Mutooroo Magnetite Project Update October 2012
 
Calendario valorizado sistema de recreacion amotape
Calendario valorizado  sistema de recreacion amotapeCalendario valorizado  sistema de recreacion amotape
Calendario valorizado sistema de recreacion amotape
 
Use Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv Final
Use Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv FinalUse Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv Final
Use Of AR Glass In Lighting Ies Presentationv Final
 

Mais de Hiran Amarasekera

Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph
Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph
Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph Hiran Amarasekera
 
Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...
Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...
Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...Hiran Amarasekera
 
Petroleum resources in Sri Lanka
Petroleum resources in Sri LankaPetroleum resources in Sri Lanka
Petroleum resources in Sri LankaHiran Amarasekera
 
Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis
Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis
Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis Hiran Amarasekera
 
Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012
Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012
Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012Hiran Amarasekera
 
Trends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri Lanka
Trends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri LankaTrends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri Lanka
Trends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri LankaHiran Amarasekera
 
Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...
Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...
Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...Hiran Amarasekera
 
Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...
Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...
Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...Hiran Amarasekera
 
Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...
Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...
Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...Hiran Amarasekera
 
Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis
Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis
Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis Hiran Amarasekera
 
Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...
Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...
Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...Hiran Amarasekera
 
Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...
Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...
Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...Hiran Amarasekera
 
School Science Projects based on Experiments
School Science Projects based on ExperimentsSchool Science Projects based on Experiments
School Science Projects based on ExperimentsHiran Amarasekera
 
Higher education and career options in Management after A/L
Higher education and career options in Management after A/LHigher education and career options in Management after A/L
Higher education and career options in Management after A/LHiran Amarasekera
 
Higher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/L
Higher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/LHigher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/L
Higher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/LHiran Amarasekera
 
Higher education and career options after A/L - Science
Higher education and career options after A/L - ScienceHigher education and career options after A/L - Science
Higher education and career options after A/L - ScienceHiran Amarasekera
 
Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...
Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...
Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...Hiran Amarasekera
 
Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...
Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...
Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...Hiran Amarasekera
 
Use of web 2.0 tools for E-Learning
Use of web 2.0 tools for E-LearningUse of web 2.0 tools for E-Learning
Use of web 2.0 tools for E-LearningHiran Amarasekera
 

Mais de Hiran Amarasekera (20)

Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph
Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph
Fish diversity in Sri Lanka - Vimukthi Prathaph
 
Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...
Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...
Upgrading Wood Based Industries in Sri Lanka with special reference to Moratu...
 
Petroleum resources in Sri Lanka
Petroleum resources in Sri LankaPetroleum resources in Sri Lanka
Petroleum resources in Sri Lanka
 
Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis
Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis
Science Communication in Sri Lanka: A Critical Analysis
 
Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012
Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012
Highlights of the 17th International Forestry & Environment Symposium 2012
 
Trends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri Lanka
Trends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri LankaTrends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri Lanka
Trends in extreme events of rainfall in low country wet zone of Sri Lanka
 
Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...
Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...
Run-off Water Harvesters and Agro-wells for Supplementary Irrigation of Rain-...
 
Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...
Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...
Evaluation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Estate Sector, a Case Study on...
 
Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...
Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...
Foraging ecology of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in University premises...
 
Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis
Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis
Water footprint of broiler meat production in Sri Lanka: An analysis
 
Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...
Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...
Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high...
 
Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...
Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...
Pilot Testing of Bioremediation as an Alternative Treatment Technology for Mu...
 
School Science Projects based on Experiments
School Science Projects based on ExperimentsSchool Science Projects based on Experiments
School Science Projects based on Experiments
 
Prof Savitri Gunathilake
Prof Savitri GunathilakeProf Savitri Gunathilake
Prof Savitri Gunathilake
 
Higher education and career options in Management after A/L
Higher education and career options in Management after A/LHigher education and career options in Management after A/L
Higher education and career options in Management after A/L
 
Higher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/L
Higher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/LHigher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/L
Higher education and career options in IT, Computer Science after A/L
 
Higher education and career options after A/L - Science
Higher education and career options after A/L - ScienceHigher education and career options after A/L - Science
Higher education and career options after A/L - Science
 
Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...
Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...
Ovitrap surveys for Aedes aegypti mosquito - V K Gunathilake, N K De Silva, W...
 
Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...
Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...
Levels of heavy metal uptake by Abelmoschus esculentus and Buchole dactyloide...
 
Use of web 2.0 tools for E-Learning
Use of web 2.0 tools for E-LearningUse of web 2.0 tools for E-Learning
Use of web 2.0 tools for E-Learning
 

Último

M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 

Último (20)

M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 

FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN

  • 1. FACTORS AFFECTING SEASONING OF TIMBER USING SAWDUST OPERATED KILN P L A M C Wijewarnasuriya H S Amarasekera University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
  • 2. Introduction Seasoning is a value addition to timber. Cost of seasoning is not affordable to small scale saw millers. Senadheera (2009) developed a sawdust burner for seasoning of timber and it has been coupled to a kiln chamber (50ft3) situated in University of Sri Jayewardenepura. In this study , performance and feasibility of that sawdust operated kiln was investigated with a view to improve its efficiency.
  • 3. Objectives To improve the efficiency and to investigate the performance of sawdust operated kiln To compare the university kiln with some selected industrially operating kilns in the country
  • 4. For the first objective (01) Effect of particle size of sawdust on the efficiency of the burner Sawdust was divided into two main groups based on particle size using a mesh having 1mm wide pores. Each sawdust group was burnt separately under a same feeding rate and water was heated. Temperature of water after a certain time period was measured.
  • 5. Variation of temperature in water Vs time for different sawdust types Water – 1000 ml Time – 30 min Feeding rate – 20 g min-1
  • 6. (02) Effect of sawdust feeding rate on the efficiency of the burner Water was heated from the heat generated by the most efficient sawdust type (particle diameter > 1mm) burner under different sawdust feeding rates.
  • 7. Variation of temperature in water Vs time for different sawdust feeding rates Water - 2000 ml Ti me - 30 min Sawdust particle size - > 1 mm
  • 8. (03) Arrangement of heat transferring pipe in the kiln chamber heat transferring pipe Timber stack
  • 9. (04) Drying of rubber wood using sawdust operated kiln Dimensions of timber boards – 100 cm * 15 cm * 2.5 cm Sticker thickness – 25 mm Sampling – 8 boards were randomly selected
  • 10. Drying rate Mass of water removed from timber per hour during the kiln run Drying rate = MW / T MW - mass of water removed from timber in each stage T - time taken Drying rate = %MC / T %MC - percentage moisture content reduced in a certain period of time T - time taken
  • 11. Drying efficiency Percentage of water removed in a certain time period in relation to total water content in timber. Drying efficiency = ms / mt * 100% ms - weight of water removed from each stage mt - total water content in the timber
  • 12. Drying characteristics of rubber wood Variation of moisture content in rubber wood with the time
  • 13. Time Final MC in wood Drying rate Drying efficiency hrs % g of water hr-1 % MC hr-1 % 0-8 54.66 1181.25 0.90 14.34 8-16 48.38 1031.25 0.79 12.52 16-24 43.93 900.00 0.56 10.93 24-32 40.16 774.00 0.47 9.40 32-40 36.50 666.00 0.46 8.09 40-48 32.62 600.00 0.49 7.29 48-56 29.42 525.00 0.40 6.37 56-64 26.79 431.25 0.33 5.24 64-72 24.28 412.50 0.31 5.01 72-80 21.88 393.75 0.30 4.78 80-88 20.05 300.00 0.23 3.64 88-96 18.45 262.50 0.20 3.19 96-104 17.20 206.25 0.16 2.50 104-112 16.17 168.75 0.13 2.05 112-120 15.14 150.00 0.13 1.82 120-128 14.23 114.00 0.11 1.38 128-136 13.89 84.00 0.04 1.02 136-144 12.97 54.00 0.11 0.66 0-144 13.00 458.58 0.34 81.3
  • 14. According to Ratnayake (1998); a study has been done for same volume (25 ft3) of rubber wood using the same kiln chamber; it has taken only 62 hours for the kiln run under a dehumidifying system. Average drying rate was found to be 459 g of water evaporated per hour for present study while dehumidifying system has exhibited an average drying rate of 1290 g of water per hour When drying rate is expressed as reduction of %MC per hour, in respect of present study it ranged 0.04 – 0.90 %MC hr-1 and in respect of previous study (Senadheera, 2009) it ranged 0.16 – 0.60 %MC hr1.
  • 15. (05) Investigation of drying behaviour of different timber species Selected species Rubber - Hevea brasiliensis Albizia - Paraserianthes falcataria Lunumidella - Melia dubia Mahogany - Swietenia macrophylla Dimensions of timber boards – 100cm * 15cm * 2.5cm Sampling – 3 boards for each species was randomly selected
  • 16. Variation of moisture content in different timbers with the time
  • 17. For second objective Comparison of kilns Performance of sawdust operated university kiln (UNI) was compared with State Timber Coporation – Kaldemulla (STC) Rowood Lanka Ltd – Nelundeniya (RWD) STC kiln: chamber capacity 4096 ft3, operated with two boilers (furnace oil and wood waste) RWD kiln: chamber capacity 920 ft3, operated with a boiler (sawdust)
  • 18. Comparison of kilns was done based on costs and benefits generated by kilns when seasoning 25mm thick rubber wood boards under 25mm thick stickers. In order to dry rubber wood from green conditions upto 13% of moisture content, UNI, STC and RWD kilns consume 144, 144 and 216 hours respectively. Costs and benefits were estimated for each kiln for annual wise assuming that number of operating days per year is 320. Therefore, number of possible kiln runs per year for UNI, STC and RWD kilns are 53, 53 and 35.
  • 19. Estimated costs and benefits for selected kilns   UNI kiln STC kiln RWD kiln Establishment cost (Rs) Building             42,123.00            326,305.00                102,400.00  Technology             32,500.00        5,506,000.00                356,000.00  Costs (Rs yr-1) Annualised cost                8,573.00            723,895.00                  46,805.00  Timber                              212,000.00      17,367,040.00            2,576,000.00  Labour                             180,000.00        1,968,000.00                540,000.00  Maintenance                      15,000.00              75,000.00                  40,000.00  Electricity                         133,290.00            196,705.00                790,326.00                              -                                   -   Fuel wood                        2,880,000.00    Sawdust                            20,670.00                              -                  106,312.00                              -                                   -   Furnace oil                    4,032,000.00    6,155.00                   36,495.00                    CO2 emission                  1,078,271.00                               
  • 20. Benefit (Rs yr-1) UNI kiln STC kiln RWD kiln                            Revenue from timber   477,000.00  39,061,440.00  5,796,000.00                               Savings due to use of wood waste 383,125.00  2,746,046.00  1,970,490.00                                     CO2 benefit (neutral emission)    107,748.00  1,657,655.00  554,181.00 
  • 21. (01) Cost per unit volume (C1) C1 = C / V C- total cost of kiln run V- volume of timber Kiln Cost (Rs ft-3) Without CO2 emission With CO2 emission cost cost UNI 429.84 434.50 STC 260.98 260.90 RWD 254.31 256.60 Cost efficiency increases : UNI < STC < RWD However, cost efficiencies of STC and RWD kilns are almost same.
  • 22. Percentage contribution of each cost on total cost of seasoning Costs (Rs yr-1) % Contribution   UNI STC RWD Annualised cost 1.5 2.6 1.0 Timber                    36.8 61.3 62.4 Labour                   31.3 7.0 13.1 Maintenance          2.6 0.3 1.0 Electricity               23.2 0.7 19.1 Fuelwood                0.0 10.2 0.0 Sawdust                3.6 0.0 2.6 Furnace oil            0.0 14.2 0.0 CO2 emission        1.1 3.8 0.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
  • 23. (02) Cost per unit volume per unit time (C2) C2 = C / (V*T) C- total cost of kiln run V- volume of timber T- time taken for the kiln run Kiln Cost (Rs ft-3 hr-1) UNI 3.02 STC 1.81 RWD 1.19 Cost efficiency increases : UNI < STC < RWD
  • 24. Comparison of two cost comparisons Here, two kilns were compared with the kiln which possesses the least cost of seasoning. Kiln Comparison Cost for unit Cost for unit volume and volume time UNI 1.7  2.5 STC 1.0   1.5 RWD 1.0   1.0
  • 25. (03) Cost-benefit analysis Net Present Values were calculated for 15 years based on following assumptions. Annual discount rate is 10%. Annual depreciation rate for buildings is 6%. Technology life time for UNI, STC and RWD kilns are 5, 15 and 15 years respectively. Timber supply and sale during the concerned period of time is consistent. Kiln Net Present Value (Rs millions) UNI 2.68 STC 104.43 RWD 28.84
  • 26. Conclusions The efficient sawdust feeding rate for the burner is 60 g per minute and sawdust piraticle size should be more than 1 mm. Under the existing performance the kiln is suitable only for fast drying timber species such as rubber wood and albizia. The kiln is not suitable to run as an enterprise as it is not cost efficient.
  • 27. Recommendations Existing heat transfer technology (hot exhaust gas) should be changed to steam or hot water. (The maximum temperature obtained by the kiln chamber was 420C under the existing heat transfer technology.) Identified design error regarding the burner should be corrected. (Total area of combustion chamber should be utilised for sawdust burning.) Electricity consumption during kiln operation should be minimised. (One circulatory fan should be used out of two fans.)
  • 28. References Gjerdrum,  P.  (2000).  Cost  efficient  timber  drying,  Proceedings of 2nd Workshop on Quality Drying of Hardwoods, Sopron, Hungary. Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H. (1973). Chemical Engineer’s Hand Book,  4th edition. pp 245. Ratnayake  R.S.S.  (1998).  Development  of  drying  schedules  for  rubber  and  pine  timbers  for  the  dehumidification  kiln  drying,  M.Sc.  thesis,  Department  of  forestry  and  environmental  science,  University  of  Sri  Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. Senadheera,  D.K.L.K.  (2009).  Development  of  sawdust  burner  for  kiln  seasoning  of  timber,  B.Sc.  dissertation,  Department  of  forestry  and  environmental science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
  • 30. Moisture content in moisture content test pieces (MCTP) MC = (m1 – m0) / m0 * 100% m1 –average initial weight of MCTP m0 – average oven dry weight of MCTP Estimated oven dry weight of sample boards MO = M1 / ( MC / 100 + 1) M1 – initial weight of the sample board Current moisture content of sample boards MP = ( M2/M0 ) – 1) * 100% M2 - current weight of the sample board
  • 31. PV - present value of investment for technology (Rs) r - annual discount rate (yr-1) t - life time of machinery (yrs) Annualised cost = PV x r [1 – (1 + r)-t] PV - present value of investment for technology (Rs) r - annual discount rate (yr-1) t - life time of machinery (yrs) Cost of Timber = PG x N x VT VT - timber volume per kiln run (capacity for timber in kiln chamber) (ft3) N - number of kiln runs per year PG - unit price of green timber (Rs. ft-3) Cost of labour = NL x S NL - number of labourers S - monthly salary (Rs. month-1)
  • 32. Cost of energy = AE x N x PE AE - amount of energy source per kiln run (kg or ℓ or kWh) N - number of kiln runs PE - unit price of energy (Rs kg-1 or Rs ℓ-1 or Rs kWh-1) Cost for CO2 emission = Af x N x Df x F x VC 1000 Af - amount of furnace oil per kiln run (ℓ) N - number of kiln runs per year Df - density of furnace oil (kg ℓ-1) F - factor for carbon dioxide emission per unit mass of furnace oil (kg kg-1) VC - annual value of carbon dioxide emission (Rs Mt-1)
  • 33. Revenue from seasoned timber = 0.9 x VT x N x PS RT - annual revenue from timber (Rs) VT - timber volume per kiln run (capacity for timber in kiln chamber) (ft3) N - number of kiln runs per year PS - unit price of seasoned timber (Rs. ft-3) Cost saving due to use of wood waste = [ MW x HW x CO ] – CW HO CO - unit cost of furnace oil (Rs ℓ-1) CW - annual cost of wood waste (Rs) HO - calorific value of furnace oil (MJ ℓ-1) HW - calorific value of wood waste (MJ kg-1) MW - annual requirement of wood waste (kg)
  • 34. Benefit due to neutral CO2 emission = MW x HW x Df x F x VC 1000 x HO Df - density of furnace oil (kg ℓ-1) F - factor for carbon dioxide emission per unit mass of furnace oil (kg kg-1) HO - calorific value of furnace oil (MJ ℓ-1) HW - calorific value of wood waste (MJ kg-1) MW - annual requirement of wood waste (kg) VC - annual value of carbon dioxide emission (Rs Mt-1) Building resale value = BV – (BV x DR x LT) BV - present value of the building (Rs) DR - depreciation rate for buildings (yr-1) LT - time period (yrs)
  • 35. The density of furnace oil is 1.005 kg ℓ-1 and burning of 1 kg of furnace oil emits 3.15 kg of CO2 ( http://numero57.net/2008/03/20/carbon-dioxide-emissions-per-bar as at 10/08/2010). The annual cost of CO2 emission is US $ 20 Mt-1 (Source: New south Wales Environmental Protection Authority, 1998) calculated in 1998. 1 US $ is Rs 111.58 ( www.cbsl.gov.lk as at 10/08/2010). CO2 emission cost was converted for year 2010 according to following formula. Value in 1998 GDP deflactor for 1998 = Value in 2010 GDP deflactor for 2010 GDP deflators for year 1998 and year 2010 are 85.51 and 109.77 respectively. Therefore, estimated CO2 emission value for year 2010 is US $ 26.44.
  • 36. However, 60% of electricity generation in Sri Lanka is based on  fossil fuels mainly oil ( http://www.energy.gov.lk/pdf/Sri%20Lanka%20Energy%20Balance%  as at 12/08/2010).  Therefore,  electricity  consumption  (60%)  is  responsible  for  emission of CO-2. Therefore, there is a cost of CO-2 emission due  to use of electricity for all three kilns.              In order to generate 1 kWh; fossil oil releases 0.24 kg of CO2  ( http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/co2-emission-fuels-d_1085.html a ).