check our website for help

1. Healthcare or Bioethics
For this job, you will address issues related to either healthcare or bioethics.
Healthcare or Bioethics
Choose one of the following topics: Healthcare or Bioethics. View at least two videos from
either topic.
Healthcare;
Critical Care: America vs the World (Link to Video - https://youtu.be/BytzrjEfyfA)
- Millions of Americans have no health insurance and live in fear that one illness could
bankrupt them. Even though the U.S. spends far more on health care than other wealthy
nations, Americans die of preventable diseases at greater rates. The PBS News Hour special,
“Critical Care: America vs the World,” examines how four other nations achieve universal
care for less money, with better outcomes.
- NOTE: This is a full-length documentary and thus can count as the two required videos for
this assignment.
The Healthcare Divide (Full Documentary) | FRONTLINE (Link to Video -
https://youtu.be/UVvEkeH4O8o)
- How pressure to increase profits and uneven government support are widening the divide
between rich and poor hospitals, endangering care for low-income populations.
- NOTE: This is a full-length documentary and thus can count as the two required videos for
this assignment.
The Economics of Healthcare: Crash Course Econ #29 (Link to Video -
https://youtu.be/cbBKoyjFLUY)
- Why is health care so expensive? Once again, there are a lot of factors in play. Jacob and
Adriene look at the many reasons that health care in the U.S. is so expensive, and what
exactly we get for all that money. Spoiler alert: countries that spend less and get better
results are not that uncommon.
Healthcare, Ethics, & Postmodernism | Philosophy Tube (Link to Video -

2. https://youtu.be/fnKQV7o4ucY)
- How can we ethically distribute healthcare resources?
Martin Shkreli on Drug Price Hikes and Playing the World’s Villain (Link to Video -
https://youtu.be/2PCb9mnrU1g)
- Martin Shkreli is a 32-year-old entrepreneur and company builder. A modern-day Horatio
Alger story, Shkreli grew up the son of two janitors in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, hustled
his way into the hedge fund game, and is now worth at least $45 million. Although he made
his money betting against the pharmaceutical industry, Shkreli switched to running a drug
company in 2012. In August of last year, one of his companies acquired the rights to a drug
that treats an infection that affects in people with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies.
Overnight, the price per pill rose by more than 5000 percent, and Shkreli became the poster
child for capitalistic greed.
- NOTE: This video is from 2016 and is included to depict Shkreli himself and his state of
mind regarding his actions. Review the 2022 update on his case; ‘Pharma Bro’ Martin
Shkreli Released from Prison (WebMD) Links to Story - https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-
guides/news/20220519/pharma-bro-martin-shkreli-released-from-
prison#:~:text=May%2019%2C%202022%20%2D%2D%20Former,according%20to%20T
he%20Associated%20Press.
Public Health Ethics. Thinking About Bioethics, Human Rights, Justice and Moral
Responsibility (Link to Video - https://youtu.be/G1IOf7Hd69g)
- This video provides a framework for thinking about public health ethics. It explores
bioethics, human rights, justice, and moral responsibility.
Bioethics;
Gene Editing: Should You be Worried? (Link to Video https://youtu.be/F7DpdOHRDR4)
- From combating climate change to curing disease to creating designer babies, gene-editing
technologies have the potential to transform lives. What risks do they pose?
How We Are Growing Organs in the Lab? | Dr. Jim Wells | TEDxCincinnati (Link to Video -
https://youtu.be/ygXescPlj-M)
- Over 116,000 people in the U.S. are on organ transplant waiting lists because of a shortage
of healthy donated organs. Dr. Wells and his team have been harnessing the power of stem
cells to grow miniature versions of human organs in the laboratory.
Designer Babies - The Problem With China's CRISPR Experiment (Link to Video -
https://youtu.be/kFFyeHJDI50)
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)
The Ethical Dilemma of Designer Babies | Paul Knoepfler (Link to Video -
https://youtu.be/nOHbn8Q1fBM)

3. - Creating genetically modified children is no longer a science fiction fantasy; it's a likely
future scenario. Biologist Paul Knoepfler estimates that within fifteen years, scientists could
use the gene editing technology CRISPR to make certain "upgrades" to human embryos --
from altering physical appearances to eliminating the risk of auto-immune diseases. In this
thought-provoking talk, Knoepfler readies us for the coming designer baby revolution and
its very personal and unforeseeable consequences.
DIY Biohacking: Do(n’t) Try This at Home (Link to Video - https://youtu.be/fV-Edkh1iqE)
- NOTE: This video contains strong and potentially offensive language
- A mail-order CRISPR kit manufactured by Dr. Josiah Zayner is turning the scientific and
medical communities upside down. Zayner, a biophysicist turned biohacker, believes we’re
dragging our feet on realizing CRISPR’s potential. So his do-it-yourself CRISPR kit allows
people to experiment with gene editing in the confines of their own homes. Many critics
argue that genetic engineering should be strictly left to the licensed and trained. However,
Zayner thinks the possibly life-altering effects of CRISPR technology far outweigh any
adverse concerns. Zayner’s hope is to make CRISPR accessible to everyone rather than limit
its access to the rich and powerful.
Playing God: Should Anyone be Allowed to Edit Their DNA Using - CRISPR Technology?
(https://youtu.be/yAud1iynheY)
- CRISPR technology is making genetic editing available to more people than ever before.
But how wide should that door be opened?
Essay;
- Thoughtfully reflect on the issues discussed in the talks you have viewed. Address the
following points in your essay:
1) What is the speaker's point of view about the topic? Is the speaker biased?
2) What ethical issues and ethical reasoning are argued?
3) Do you think that the issues discussed have moral and ethical implications? Why or why
not?
4) Do you agree with the speaker's point of view? Be specific and thorough. Express how
and why you agree or disagree and discuss how ethics and values contribute to your
opinion.
5) Consider the theoretical concepts discussed in the course. Do not just state your
viewpoint, rather provide relevant details to support your findings and/or position.
The document should be between 325-400 words in length. Any references to support your
work must be cited in the most current APA7 format. **Please Review All Attachments**
•Consequentialism•Utilitarianism•Often uses the inductive approach (right-side of the
toolbelt)•Utilitarianism: Happiness and consequences are all that matters. •(not the
person’s own happiness that counts)!!!!•Utility Principle: •Always act to maximize
happiness and minimize unhappiness for the greatest number of people

4. Utilitarianism•What causes pain (the absence of happiness) is morally wrong.•Concerned
with the consequencesof our actions •Utilitarianism: greatest happiness for the greatest
number of people, with the least harm. •Consequentialism: weigh the cost and benefits.
•Problems and criticisms of the theory:•The uncertain future. •Unintended consequences.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)Resolved the problem of Bentham’s hedonism(The higher and
lower pleasures)We prefer the higher pleasures↙Educationshould be the goal for
happiness, and the qualityof happiness is determined by the higher pleasures, rather than
the lower pleasures. Therefore, we must look at both quantityand qualityin determining the
course of right action.
Utilitarianism•Mill’s Higherpleasures [quality]•Greatest pleasures require some effort.
[Uncertainty?]If there is a doubt between two kinds of pleasure, Mill says to ask the
majority who are familiar with both kinds of pleasure, and they will give the deciding
preference. (Utilitarianism, Ch. 2)Experience and consequenceswill determine the course of
action –but happiness is the goal. •Higher pleasures yield a higher form of happiness in the
long run.
Utilitarianism•Mill’s Harm Principle•“The only purpose for which power can be exercised
over a member of a civilized community is to prevent harm to others.” (On Liberty, Ch.
1)•Mill’s views are often called “classical liberalism” because of the focus on personal
liberty.•Interesting quagmire: How can personal liberty be important if the greatest
happiness for the greatest number is to take priority? [Role of Government vs Common
Morality]
Punishment and the Death PenaltyPunishmentDeterrence vs. Retributive
Deterrence–(typically utilitarian)Prevention and rehabilitation If other means of
punishment bring about the greatest benefit for the greatest number with the least harm,
then the other means should be pursed. Happiness –intrinsically good (good in itself) –
avoid or minimize pain and suffering Reform –instrumental to good citizenshipDeath
Penalty –if used, means the good must outweigh suffering Restore justice to society –those
who are harmedProblemsofqualityandquantity.Howmuchreformisenough? Retributive–just
deserts (typically deontological)The person is considered rational and makes a choice.
[what about those who are mentally ill?)The punishment must fit the crime. Restore justice
to the StateEgalitarian –payback in kind –equivalent or proportional to the crimeProblems:
wrongly convicted (now there is DNA)Problems: life in prison vs. deathProblems: cost
Ethical Toolbelt Ethics, Arguments, and Terms Linking them togetherArguments and ethical
reasoning.
Deductive and Inductive reasoning, and ethical concerns:DeontologyDeductive (Non-
consequential) •Necessary reasoning and logical relations•Intrinsic value•Teleology
(certainty of origination)•Meta-ethics and language•Meaning and certaintyUtilitarian
Inductive (Consequential)•Probable reasoning•Instrumental value•Cause and effect, before
and after, analogies, future bearing, often backed by statistical reasoning. •Teleology (goal
or aim)•Degrees of strength
Inductive argumentsare commonly concerned with the likelihood that events will (or will
not) occur. In ethics, inductive arguments are often consequentialistarguments. These
arguments tend to be futuristic and likely appeal to experience and objective measures such

5. as statistics, studies, or experience to resolve the issues. The arguments are exploring the
instrumental value of actions, contain points of cause and effect, before and after,
experience, analogies, degrees of strength, and teleology (goal or aim, such as happiness or
well-being as a goal. ). The premises probablyfollow to the conclusion. (Strong) The
argument is strong, and all premises are true. (Cogent)The premises do not probablyfollow
to the conclusion. (Weak) All weak arguments uncogent. Fallacious Reasoning: (Fallacies of
Weak Induction -This type of informal fallacy occurs when the premises do notsupport the
conclusion; so, the argument is weak/uncogent.) Fallacies typically used:Hasty
Generalization (too small of sample –generalizing)Weak Analogy (try to compare two things
that are not comparable –apples to oranges)Slippery Slope (A leads to B / B leads to C
……..future looks grim)False Cause (there could be other causes –typically only one is given
and ignores other causes)
Deductive argumentsare concerned with necessaryreasoning and logical relations. In ethics,
they are often used with nonconsequential arguments such as deontology (duty) or when
arguing personhood, autonomy, rights, equality, or principle. There may be interest in
assessing intrinsic value, meta-ethics and the meaning of the term, or establishing a value
based on the intrinsic nature of the term being discussed, or the teleology and the certainty
of origination. The premises must logically follow to the conclusion, necessarily. (Valid)The
premises must follow necessarily to the conclusion, and all premises must be all be true.
(Sound)The premises do not necessarily follow. (Invalid)The premises do not follow and
are not true. (Unsound). All Invalid arguments are unsound. Fallacious Reasoning: (Fallacies
of Relevance –This type of informal fallacy occurs in a deductive argument when the
premises do not necessarily follow to the conclusion; so, the argument is invalid/unsound).
Fallacies typically used:Ad hominem (ignore the argument –attack the person)Straw Man
(ignore the argument –distort to try and win –I didn’t say that! –Stop putting words in my
mouth!)Red Herring (ignore the argument and lead off track –How did we get here?!)Appeal
to Ignorance (just because it hasn’t been proven, says nothing about rightness or
wrongness)Appeal to Force (ignore the argument and threaten –verbal, emotional, or
physical)
•Evaluating Theories:•A theory must have the following criteria:•Criterion 1: Consistency
with considered moral judgments•Criterion 2: Consistency with our moral experiences (and
expectations).•Criterion 3: Usefulness in moral problem-solving. •The Dunning-Kruger
Effect: being ignorant of how ignorant we are. •Confidence is not the same thing as
knowledge•Question:•Is that a need for an exception?•Do rules or norms for society clash?
•Is there a moral epistemic dilemma –and it is uncertain which rule should take
precedence? •Which theory is best at resolving the issue depends on which side of the
toolbelt the dialogue is leaning.
Module 4 (Applying Ethics - Racism, Equality, and Discrimination)

6. Pedro Rodriguez (2340102)
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
February 05, 2023
Videos
This essay critically evaluates racism, which is the prejudice that assumes that social
members of racial categories have different attributes. These distinctions result in Having
stated the meaning of racism. The essay relies on content gathered from two video
presentations: We all have implicit biases – so what can we do about it by Dushaw Hockett
and Heartbreaking Moment When Kids Learn About White Privilege – The school that tried
to end racism by Channel 4 Entertainment.
Channel 4 Entertainment (2020) aimed to understand the outcome and consequences of
racism in a school. The presentation outlined that despite the adverse impacts of racism on
the students after they were arranged based on the questions asked – the researchers
concluded that racism continues to negatively impact society since it is handled using an
implicit bias approach. In line with Channel 4 Entertainment’s objective, Hockett (2017)
provides solutions to why implicit consciousness is key to ending social racism.
According to the same presentation, the orator Hockett Dushaw outlines that social beings
are implicit if they are unaware or mistake their thoughts and feelings concerning nature. It
reflects that rather than being neutral, they prefer a person or group to others. Implicit bias,
in this case, outlines the attitudes towards those associated with the stereotypes without
conscious knowledge. Unfortunately, implicit bias is critical in understanding the ethical
barrier presented by the presentations. For example, Channel 4 Entertainment illustrates
that social racism has contributed to the unfair treatment of minority communities, creating
an imbalanced social practice where not all races are the same.
Despite the orators not addressing the issue in a biased approach – they all pursue racism
as a public issue that will continue to affect the community since there is no one solution to
its impacts. These two video presentations are essential since Channel 4 Entertainment
(2020) outlines the question involving racism and how other social activities such as
parental advice, police bias activities, and social understanding of racism are passed down
from one generation to the next, while Hockett (2017), provides a solution to this research
question, which outlines that it is critical to understand implicit bias and use it to eradicate
such an act. Therefore, I fully agree with the speakers’ concepts – particularly how ethical
practices are utilized to explore the entire practice.
References
Channel 4 Entertainment. (2020). Heartbreaking Moment When Kids Learn About White
Privilege | The School That Tried to End Racism. In YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2023,

7. from
Hockett, D. (2017). We all have implicit biases. So what can we do about it? | Dushaw
Hockett | TEDxMidAtlanticSalon [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2023,
from