This document provides an overview of highway engineering and transportation planning in India. It discusses the historical development of roads in India from ancient times to the present. It outlines several major committees and plans that have guided road development, including the Jayakar Committee (1927), Central Road Fund (1929), National Highway Act (1956), and the Nagpur, Bombay, and Lucknow Road Development Plans. It also covers classifications of roads, common road patterns used in planning, and the formulas and factors considered in the major road plans to determine the optimal lengths of national highways, state highways, and other road categories.
2. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION
Economic role of transportation
Place, time, quality and utility of goods
Changes in location of activities
Social role of transportation
Formation of settlements
Size and pattern of settlements
Growth of urban centers
Political role of transportation
Administration of an area
Political choices in transport
3. Environmental role of transportation
Safety
Air Pollution
Noise pollution
Energy consumption
Other impacts
Land use
Aesthetics of a region
Relocation of residents
4. SCOPE OF TRANSPORTATION
Development,Planning & Locations
Highway design, Geometrics & Structures
Traffic Performance & its control
Materials, construction & Maintenance
Economics, Finance & Administration
5. History of Roads in India
Ancient civilizations
existence of planned roads in India as old as 2500-3500 BC
Mauryan period(Arthashastra written by Kautilya)
contained rules for regulations for traffic, depths of roads for
various purposes, and punishments for obstructing traffic
Mughal period
Roads linked North-West and the Eastern areas through
gangetic plains
British period
Grand-Trunk road connecting North and South
Neglect the road system in India
Military and administrative purpose only
Introduction of railways
Feeder roads to the railways
5
6. Cross Section of Early Roads
Introduction to Transportation Engineering
6
Telford Pavement
Macadam Pavement
7. Jayakar Committee (1927)
Central government should take the proper charge from
local governments
Gave more stress on long term planning programme,
for a period of 20 years (hence called twenty year plan)
One of the recommendations paved the way for the
establishment of a semi-social technical body called
Indian Road Congress (IRC) (HRB) in 1934
The committee suggested imposition of additional
taxation on motor transport which includes duty on
motor spirit, vehicle taxation, license fees for vehicles
plying for hire, called Central road fund in 1929
Central Road Research Institute (CRRI),dedicated
research organization was constituted to carry out
research in 1950
8. Central Road Fund 1929
Extra levy of 2.64 paisa per litre
20 % as Central reserve & 80 % is alloted for
development
Now,revised cess is Rs.2/- per litre of petrol and
HSD
Motor Vehicle Act 1939
Control of drivers
Vehicle ownership
Vehicle operations on roads & traffic streams
Revised in 1988
9. National Highway Act 1956 powers;
Declared selected highways as “National
Highways
To enter into any land for surveys
To acquire land and take possession for the
development of national highways
Revised in 1988 and NHAI started operating on
Feb 1995
10. Road Development in India
National Highway Development Projects
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Road Development Plan : Vision 2021
Rural Road Development Plan : Vision 2025
11. Nagpur road congress 1943 –1963
Was first attempt to prepare a co-ordinated road
development programme in a planned manner.
Roads were divided into four classes:
National highways, State highways, Major district
roads, Other district roads & Village roads
Committee planned to construct 2 lakh kms of road
across the country within 20 years.
Recommended the construction of star and grid pattern
of roads throughout the country.
Road length should be increased so as to give a road
density of 16kms per 100 sq.km
12. Bombay road congress(1961-1981)
Total road length targeted to construct was about 10
lakhs.
Rural roads were given specific attention by introducing
scientific method of construction
Suggested that the length of the road should be
increased so as to give a road density of 32kms/100
sq.km
Construction of 1600 km of expressways was also then
included in the plan.
13. Lucknow road congress (1981 – 2001)
Third Road Delevopment Plan
Aimed at a road length of 12 lakh kilometres by the year
1981 resulting in a road density of 82kms/100 sq.km
Target was set as length of NH to be completed by the
end of seventh, eighth and ninth five year plan periods
Improvement in transportation facilities in villages, towns
etc. such that no part of country is farther than 50 km
from NH
Expressways should be constructed on major traffic
corridors to provide speedy travel
Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and
road safety measures were also given due importance in
this plan
14. Basis of the Formulae
Primary Road System
Expressway – 2000 km : Based on some project formulation
National Highways: concept of 100 km Square grids
Length of the NH in country, km = 3287782/50 = 65,756 km
Secondary System: length of SH
NH and SH should pass through every town and urban area: 3364 towns in the
country (Based on census data: 1981)
Area of each square grid = 3287782/3364 = 977.3 Sq km (31.26 km each side)
Total SH +NH = 2*31.26* 3364 = 2,10,250 km
SH length = 2,10,250 km – 66000 km = 1,45,000 km.
By Total Area, SH , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 25 (Double of NH)
By total number of towns: {(62.5 * no of towns in the state) – (Area of state/ 50)}
Introduction to Transportation Engineering
14
15. Length of MDR, ODR and VR
Major District Roads
Total length of MDR in the country = 3,00,000 km
By Total Area, MDR , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 12.5 (Double of SH)
By total number of towns in state : {(90*no of towns in the state)}
Tertiary System
Total road length for the state
Density to be achieved per 100 sq km.
The area of a certain district in India is 13,400 sq km and there were
12 towns as per 1981 census. Determine the lengths of different
categories of roads to be provided in this district by the year 2001.
Introduction to Transportation Engineering
15
16. Classification of Roads
General :
Usage during
seasons
All weather
roads
Fair
weather
roads
Type of
carriage way
Paved
roads
Un paved
roads
Type of
pavement
surfacing
Surfaced
roads
Un-surfaced
roads
Traffic Volume
Heavy
Medium
Low
Load
Transported
/tonnage
Class I
Class II
Class III
20. Road Patterns
Rectangular or Block Pattern
Hexagonal Pattern
Radial Pattern
Star and Block Pattern
Star and Circular Pattern
Star And Grid Pattern
21. Rectangular or Block Pattern
The whole area is divided into rectangular
blocks of plots, with streets intersecting at right
angles.
The main road which passes through the
center of the area should be sufficiently wide
and other branch roads may be comparatively
narrow
23. Advantages:
The rectangular plots may be further divided into small
rectangular blocks for construction of buildings placed
back to back, having roads on their front.
In this pattern has been adopted for the city roads.
The construction and maintenance of roads of this
pattern is comparatively easier.
The main road is provided a direct approach to
outside the city
Limitations:
This pattern is not very much convenient because at
the intersections, the vehicles face each other.
27. Star and Block Pattern
In this pattern, the entire area is divided into a
network of roads radiating from the business
outwardly.
In between radiating main roads, the built-up area
may be planned with rectangular block.
Advantage:
Reduces level of congestion at the primary
bottleneck location.
Prevents traffic from accessing local flow routes in
the direction of the event venue that operate in
favor of egress traffic flow.
Vehicles face each other less than block pattern.
28. Star and Circular Pattern
In this system, the main radial roads radiating
from central business area are connected
together with concentric roads.
In these areas, boundary by adjacent radial
roads and corresponding circular roads, the
built-up area is planned with a curved block
system
32. Star and Grid Pattern
Advantages:
Keep vehicular traffic safe.
Improve traffic flow in both directions using cellular
structure.
Improve land use efficiency and unit density.
Limitations:
Islands separating the approach and exit lanes,
known as splitter islands, should extend far enough.
Examples:
The Nagpur road plan formulae were prepared on the
assumption of Grid pattern.
33. PLANNING SURVEYS
Fact finding studies carried out in a scientific
manner
Studies included are
Economic studies
Financial studies
Traffic studies
Engineering studies
34. Data collected are:
EconomicStudies
• Existing road
facility
• Estimated
cost
• Total
population
and classified
distribution
• Per capita
income
• Development
& future
trends
FinancialStudies
• Source of
income &
estimated
revenue from
taxes
• Standard of
living
• Resource at
local level
• Anticipated
development
• Future
trends in
income Traffic/RoaduseStudies
• Existing traffic
conditions
• Classified
volume count
• Annual Average
Daily Traffic
• Design Hourly
Traffic Volume
• Origin –
Destination
studies
• Flow patterns
• Future trends in
growth of traffic
volume, pattern
EngineeringStudies
• Topographic
• Soil
• Location of
roads
• Assessment of
other
developments
• Road Life
studies
• Maintenance of
roads,
Drainage etc
35. Preparation of plan
Plans before
final
alignment
Plan I
General plan
area showing
most of the
existing
details
Plan II
Distribution of
population
groups with
their
categories
Plan III
Places with
respective
quantities of
productivity
Plan IV
Existing
networks with
traffic flow
and ‘Desired
Lines’
36. Preparation of Master plan
Final road development plan based on the four plans
prepared
Target Road Length
On the basis of area/population/productivity
Fixed during 20 year road development plans
16, 32, 82 km/100 sq.km area
Optimum Road Length
Balanced decision by comparing alternative proposals
Concept of SATURATION SYSTEM is adopted based on
U.S System of Highway Planning
37. Saturation System
“Maximum Utility System”
Optimum road length calculated, based on the
concept of “maximum utility per unit length of
road”.
The steps taken are:
Population Unit
Productivity Unit
Utility per unit length of road = Population Unit +
Productivity Unit
38. Population Unit
Total no. of towns and villages with population ranges
served by each road system Plan II
Convert it into Utility units served by each road
Thus No. of Utility units based on population isobtained
Productivity Unit
Total no. of productivity units served by each road
system Plan III
Includes agricultural and industrial products
Assign appropriate value of Utility Units per Weight
Eg. 1000 tonnes = 1 Unit
39. Utility Per Unit Length of Road
Utility per unit length of road = Population Unit + Productivity Unit
Steps
Utility rate per unit length of road = Total unit scored
total road length of each system
Proposal which gives Maximum Utility Per Unit
Length may be chosen as Final Road System
Balanced weightage should be provided
Sound judgment based on professional skill &
experience needed
40. Road Length as per Nagpur Pan
Road density = 16 km/100 sq.km are
Category I : ( NH,SH, MDR)
A = Developed & agricultural area, Km2
B = Non – Agricultural area,Km2
N = No. of towns & Villages with population range 2001 – 5000
T = No. Of towns with population over 5000
D = Development allowance of 15 % of road length calculated for next
20 years
R = Existing length of railway track, km
RDTNlength
86.1
32
B
8
A
roadof
41. Category II : ( ODR,VR)
V = Total no. of villages with population 500/less
Q = Total no. of villages with population 500-1000
P = Total no. of villages with population 1001-2000
S = Total no. of villages with population 2001-5000
D = Development allowance of 15 % of road length
calculated for next 20 years
D S3.2P1.6Q0.8V0.32roadoflength
43. A = developed or agricultural area, sq.km
B = semi- developed area, sq.km
C = undeveloped area, sq.km
K = no. of towns with population over 100000
M = no. of towns with population 50000-100000
N = no. of towns with population 20000-50000
P = no. of towns with population 10000-20000
Q = no. of towns with population 5000-10000
R = no. of towns with population 2000-5000
S = no. of towns with population 1000-2000
T = no. of villages with population 500-1000
V = no. of villages with population less than 500
D = development allowance of 5 % of road length
44. ACCIDENT STUDIES
Objectives
To Study the causes of accidents and to suggest
corrective treatments at potential locations
To evaluate existing design, regulations and
control measures
To carryout before and after studies after
implementing changes
To make computations of financial loss due to
acccidents
To provide economic justifications for the
improvement measures suggested by engineers
45. Causes of accidents
Drivers
Excess speed, Rash driving, Violation of rules,Failure to
understand the situation,fatigue,alcohol
Pedestrians
Violating regulations,carelessness
Passengers
While alighting from or getting into vehicles
Vehicle defects
Failure of brakes, Steering,Lighting Systems,Tyre defects
Road conditions
Slippery/Skidding surface, pot holes, Ruts, Obstuctions to
sight
46. Road design
Defective geometric design,Inadequte sight
distance & width
Traffic Conditions
Vehicles moving ahead, Presence of disable
vehicles
Weather
Like mist, Fog, Snow, Dust, Heavy Rain
Animals
Stray animals on the road
47. Collision Diagram
Drawn not to scale
Depict the details of the accident location
shows appropriate path of the vehicles and
pedestrians involved in accident
Shows other objects with which the vehicles
have collided
Most useful for Before and After studies
48. Condition Diagram
Drawn to Scale
Shows all important physical features of the
road and adjoining area
Important details to be shown are
Width of roadway shoulders,medians,curves,kerb
lines, Roadway conditions, Obstructions if any
Both Collision & Condition diagrams can be
combined together
49. Accident Reduction Measures
EngineeringMeasures
• Road Designs
• Preventive
Maintenance of
Vehicles
• Before and After
Studies
• Road Lighting
EnforcementMeasures
• Speed Control
• Traffic Control
Devices
• Training and
Supervision
• Medical Check
• Observance of
law and
regulations
EducationalMeasures
• Instructions in
Schools
• Poster
exhibition
• Publishing
Highway
Safety Code
• Organizing
Traffic Safety
Awareness
Programs