- The document discusses different types of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It also discusses functional groups, homologous series, and IUPAC nomenclature rules. - Specific hydrocarbons like methane, ethane, propane, butane, alcohols, glycerol, and glucose are explained. Their chemical formulas, structures, properties and common uses are provided. - Isomerism in hydrocarbons is introduced, with butane given as an example to illustrate structural isomers.

1. ?

3. Types of Hydrocarbons

5. Hydrocarbons

6. Hydrocarbons

7. Alkanes

8. Alkenes

9. Alkynes

13. Functional groups

15. Homologous series

16. IUPAC System
• The International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) has established the rules of
nomenclature of all chemical compounds.
• IUPAC nomenclature can also be called
"systematic" nomenclature because there is an
overall system and structure to the names.
• This is to give consistency to the names.
• It also enables every compound to have a unique
name, which is not possible with the common
names used (for example in industry).

17. IUPAC System
• The IUPAC name is written in format :
• Root word (No. of carbons)+ Suffix (1/2/3 Bonds)
• But + ane = Butane
• Word root
• It indicates the number of carbon atoms in the
longest selected carbon chain. For example, C1 is
‘Meth’ and C5 is ‘Pent’.
• Suffix
• A suffix is generally a functional group in the
molecule which follows the word root.

18. Nomenclature
(Root word)

19. Nomenclature

20. Isomerism
• Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one
compounds have the same chemical formula but different
chemical structures.
• Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulae
but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the
molecule are called isomers.
• Therefore, the compounds that exhibit isomerism are known
as isomers.

21. Methane
• Methane, colorless, odorless gas that occurs
abundantly in nature and as a product of certain
human activities.
• Methane is the simplest member of the paraffin series
of hydrocarbons and is among the most potent of
the greenhouse gases.
• Its chemical formula is CH4.
• In nature, methane is produced by the anaerobic
bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter
under water (where it is sometimes called marsh gas or
swamp gas).
• Wetlands are the major natural source of methane
produced in this way

22. Uses
• Source of fuel
• Methane in mixture with butane is used in LPG.
• Methane is an important source of hydrogen and some
organic chemicals.
• Methane reacts with steam at high temperatures to
yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen; the latter is used in
the manufacture of ammonia for fertilizers and explosives.
• Other valuable chemicals derived from methane
include methanol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and
nitro-methane.
• The incomplete combustion of methane yields carbon
black, which is widely used as a reinforcing agent in rubber
used for automobile tires.

23. Ethane
• There are actually several gases present in
natural gas, and ethane has the second largest
percentage in natural gas.
• Ethane is a colorless, odorless, and flammable
gas with a chemical formula of C2H6
• It has two carbon (C) atoms and six hydrogen
(H) atoms

24. Uses
• Used in the petrochemical industry as a fraction
of that produced in the natural gas liquids plants
alone i.e. used as fuel.
• Used in the preparation of ethanol, acetaldehyde
and acetic acid which find use in paints,
varnishes, adhesive, plastic etc.
• Used as the most specific volatile marker for the
investigation of lipid peroxidation.
• Used to make ethylene, for everything from
antifreeze to plastics to ripening fruit.
• Welding purpose

25. Propane
• C3H8 is a three-carbon alkane with chemical name
Propane.
• It is a gas molecular entity and acts as a food
propellant..
• Propane is a colorless gas which has a faint petroleum-
like odor.
• It is soluble in ethyl ether, chloroform, water, and
benzene.
• It is usually obtained as a by-product of two other
processes viz petroleum refining and natural gas
processing.
• It is widely used as a fuel.

26. Uses
• Used as a component in liquid petroleum gas.
• Used as in the manufacturing of propylene and ethylene.
• Used as a fuel in cutting and welding operations.
• Used as a primary component for chemical synthesis.
• Used as a source of energy in motor vehicles, water
heaters.
• Used as improvised explosive devices.
• Used in lawn movers.
• Used in refrigeration.
• Used in the campaign.
• Used as an industrial fuel.
• Used to fill lighter

27. Butane
• Butane is an organic compound with the formula
C4H10.
• Butane is a saturated hydrocarbon containing 4
carbons, with no branched structure.
• Butane like propane comes from natural gas or
petroleum refineries and the two gases are usually
found together.
• The butane is stored under pressure as a liquid.
• When the curler is switched on, butane is released and
changes to a gas.
• Furthermore, it exists in two form n-butane and
isobutene. Moreover, it is the N-butane where N stands
for normal.

28. Isomers of Butane
• Butane, or C4H10 , has two
structural isomers.
• n-butane: unbranched
• Iso-butane: branched, also
called methylpropane

30. Alcohol
• Alcohol is an homologous series in which the
compounds contain a functional group called the
hydroxyl group (-OH).
• The general molecular formula for alcohols
is CnH2n+1OH.
• Alcohols are all derivatives of hydrocarbons in which
one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon
have been replaced by a hydroxyl group.
• The hydroxyl group is also responsible for imparting
certain chemical and/or physical properties to the
compound.

31. • Monohydric Alcohol: Monohydric alcohols have general
formula CnH2n+1OH where n = 1, 2, etc. or it can also be written as R-OH
where R describes any alkyl group. It should be noted that the last ‘e’ of
the methane is replaced by ‘ol’ which indicates the presence of an alcohol
group
• Di-hydric Alcohols: Di-hydric alcohol have general formula CnH2n(OH)2,
where n= 2,3,4…. Etc. Because of their sweet taste, these are commonly
known as Glycols. In this system, glycols are called as Diols and their class
name is Alkanediols. Eg: Ethane-1,2-diol or Ethylene glycol
Types of Alcohol

32. Glycerol
Tri-hydric Alcohol: The general formula of tri-hydric alcohols is CnH2n-1
(OH)3 where n = 3, 4, 5 …etc. In this system there is no general rule for
naming these alcohols. In this system tri-hydric alcohol, are
called Alkanetriols.
Glycerol, a clear, colourless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to
the alcohol family of organic compounds; molecular formula
HOCH2CHOHCH2OH.
Sweetening agent
Treatment of skin and leap cracks
Preparation of soaps, lotions, cosmetics and shaving creams.

33. Glucose
• Glucose is a simple sugar with six
carbon atoms and one aldehyde
group. This monosaccharide has a
chemical formula C6H12O6.
• Glucose is the most common
monosaccharide.
• Glucose is found in most sweet
fruits, especially grapes (20–30%),
and honey.
• It is an essential constituent of
human blood.
• In the combined form glucose
occurs in abundance in cane sugar
and polysaccharides such as starch
and cellulose.