1.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
INFOGRAPHICS

2.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Hydrocarbons
Contains Halogens
Contains Oxygen
Alkane*
Ends with -ane
e.g. ethane
Alkene
Ends with -ene
e.g. ethene
Ends with -yne
e.g. ethyne
Alkyne
Ends in -yl benzene
e.g. ethyl benzene
Arene
Name depends
e.g. chloroethane
Haloalkane Alcohol
Ends with -ol
e.g. ethanol
Ketone
Ends with -one
e.g. acetone
Ends with -al
e.g. methanal
Aldehyde
Acyl Halide Carbonate
Carboxylic Acid
Ends with -oic
e.g. ethanoic acid
Ends -carbonate e.g.
sodium carbonate
Ends -oyl halide
e.g. ethanoyl halide
Ester
Ends -yl -oate e.g.
ethyl ethanoate
Ether
Ends -oxy-ane e.g.
methoxyethane
Contains Nitrogen
Contains Sulfur
Contains Phosphorus
NOTES
*Alkanes are not
functional groups,
although they are listed
here for ‘completeness’.
Some functional groups
may have more than
one property (not
listed).
The image for
phosphine should be R
instead of H.
Ends with -amide
e.g. ethanamide
Amide Nitrate
Ends with -yl nitrate
e.g. ethyl nitrate
Nitrite
Ends with -yl nitrite
e.g. ethyl nitrite
Azide
Ends -yl azide
e.g. ethyl azide
Cyanate
Ends -yl cyanate
e.g. ethyl cyanate
Azo
Starts with azo-
e.g. azoethane
Thiol
Starts with azo-
e.g. azoethane
Sulfide
Ends with sulfide
e.g. diethyl sulfide
Ends -sulfinic acid
e.g. phenylsulfinic acid
Sulfinic Acid Thiosulfate
Ends thiocyanate
e.g. ethyl
thiocyanate
Phosphine
Ends phosphine
e.g.
methylphosphine
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3.
DIFFERENT WAYS TO DRAW CHEMICALS
Skeletal Formula
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula Structural Formula
C3
H7
C6
H14
Actual whole number ratio of
molecule.
Is related to the empirical
formula in the way that it is a
multiple of it.
Single typographical line of
symbols, and may include +
and - signs (for ions). Includes
superscript and subscript.
Shows the ratio of the
elements in the compound.
Could be the same as
molecular formula if whole
number ratio cannot be
simplified.
Single typographical line of
symbols, and may include +
and - signs (for ions). Includes
superscript and subscript.
Shows a shorthand
representation of a
molecule’s bonding.
The kinks in the lines
represent carbon atoms and
hydrogen atoms can be filled
accordingly (covalent
bonding).
This is used for complex
organic molecules.
Shows a graphic
representation of a
molecule’s bonding.
Can be converted from
skeletal formula, just fill in the
kinks with carbons and the
rest with hydrogens.
Provides a clearer and more
complete geometric
representation of molecules.
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4.
TYPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
d-orbital
s-orbital p-orbital f-orbital
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5.
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1
H
3
Li
11
Na
19
K
37
Rb
55
Cs
87
Fr
4
Be
12
Mg
20
Ca
38
Sr
56
Ba
88
Ra
21
Sc
39
Y
57-71
89-103
22
Ti
40
Zr
72
Hf
104
Rf
23
V
41
Nb
73
Ta
105
Db
24
Cr
42
Mo
74
W
106
Sg
25
Mn
43
Tc
75
Re
107
Bh
26
Fe
44
Ru
76
Os
108
Hs
27
Co
45
Rh
77
Ir
109
Mt
46
Pd
78
Pt
110
Ds
29
Cu
47
Ag
79
Au
111
Rg
30
Zn
48
Cd
80
Hg
112
Cn
5
B
13
Al
31
Ga
49
In
81
Tl
113
Nh
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
2
He
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
114
Fl
115
Mc
116
Lv
117
Ts
118
Og
28
Ni
57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Th
70
Yb
71
Lu
89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
Proton Number
Element
Alkali
Metals
Alkali
Earths
Transition
Metals
Basic
Metals
Non Metals
Metalloids Halogens
Noble
Gases
Lanthanides Actinides
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6.
HYDROGEN, ELEMENT NUMBER 1
H
KEY NOTES
Atomic Symbol:
H, Hydrogen
Atomic Mass:
1.0079
Electron Configuration:
1s1
Melting / Boiling Point:
-259.16°C / -252.87°C
Class:
Nonmetal
COMMON USES
Used as a rocket fuel, where liquid
oxygen and liquid hydrogen are
combined to create a powerful
explosion that launches the rocket
into space.
Used in the glass industry as a
protective atmosphere for making
alt glass sheets.
Used in the synthesis of ammonia
and the manufacture of nitrogenous
fertilisers.
Used in manufacturing many
organic compounds such as
methanol.
Hydrogen is being experimented in
the automotive industry as a
sustainable energy source in the
form of hydrogen fuel cells.
FUN FACTS
Hydrogen gas was first artificially
produced in the 16th century by the
reaction of acids on metals.
The air inside the first gas balloon
flight was actually hydrogen. This
happened in Paris in 1783.
Stars like the Sun burn hydrogen in
the atmosphere to release energy.
The Sun burns hydrogen to produce
helium.
The main component of the gaseous
planets in our Solar system is
hydrogen, which includes Jupiter,
the biggest planet.
Hydrogen is also the most abundant
element in the Universe.
Hydrogen has a very low density of
about 0.00008999 g/cm3
.
COMPOUNDS WITH
HYDROGEN
Sodium Bicarbonate
Hydrogen Peroxide
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7.
HELIUM, ELEMENT NUMBER 2
He
KEY NOTES
Atomic Symbol:
He, Helium
Atomic Mass:
4.0026
Electron Configuration:
1s2
Melting / Boiling Point:
-272.20°C / -268.93°C
Class:
Noble Gas
COMMON USES
Helium is used to aid patients with
lung issues like obstructed airways,
asthma and COPD.
Used in car airbags, high-tech
equipment, medical devices and
aircraft.
At checkouts in supermarkets,
helium-neon gas lasers are used to
scan barcodes.
Used to inflate balloons and make
them float.
A coolant in magnetic resonance
imaging for medical scanning.
Since helium can efficiently diffuse
through solids, it is also used to
detect cracks in buildings with
high-vacuum rooms and
high-pressure containers.
FUN FACTS
Our Earth’s atmosphere is only
composed of 0.0005% helium.
The United States produces the
most helium (about 75%), with
second place taken by Qatar.
Ionized helium gas gives off a
reddish-orange hew.
Helium was not discovered one
Earth! In fact, it was discovered on
the Sun. In 1868, scientist Pierre
Janssen discovered helium by
looking through a prism during a
solar eclipse.
Helium’s name comes from the
name of the Greek god of the Sun,
who is Helios.
Helium is the second most abundant
element in the Universe after
Hydrogen.
COMPOUNDS WITH
HELIUM
Helium does not form any
compounds as it is the lightest noble
gas and is relatively inert.
However, recent research has
shown that helium can form
compounds such as disodium helide
which is relatively stable at high
pressures of above 113 gigapascals.
Helium can also enter into a silicate,
the mineral melanophlogite, which
occurs when the mineral is
compressed with helium.
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8.
LITHIUM, ELEMENT NUMBER 3
Li
KEY NOTES
Atomic Symbol:
Li, Lithium
Atomic Mass:
6.941
Electron Configuration:
2s1
Melting / Boiling Point:
180.54°C / 1341.85°C
Class:
Alkali Metal
COMMON USES
In rechargeable batteries for mobile
phones, laptops, digital cameras and
electric vehicles.
Antidepressants are made from
lithium in the form of lithium
carbonate.
Lithium brightens the colours of
glaze that are used to colour the
pots in pottery.
Compounds of lithium are used as
drying agents.
Lithium is widely used in heat
transfer applications, is used as an
alloying agent and it is useful for
battery anodes.
Bromine and lithium chloride
together form brine which is used in
manufacturing air conditioners.
FUN FACTS
The word lithium originated from
the Greek word lithos which means
stone.
Lithium compounds are used to
colour fireworks red. They also work
as oxidisers for the flares.
The United States is the world’s
largest producer of lithium.
Lithium was discovered in 1817 by
Swedish chemist Johan August
Arfwedson, and subsequently
isolated by English chemist William
Thomas Brande.
Lithium is a soft alkali metal that has
a silvery-white appearance.
Lithium salts were one of the first
drugs approved for use by the FDA
to treat depression.
COMPOUNDS WITH
LITHIUM
Lithium Tantalate
Lithium Hydroxide
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