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29 de Jan de 2023

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BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
Evolving
Technologies
By Orhan Ergun

Evolving Technologies by Orhan Ergun www.orhanergun.net
out
lin
e
• SD-WAN
• Cisco SD-Access
• Cloud Computing
• Edge and ...

SD-WAN Software Defined Wide Area Network – What is SD-
WAN ?
• SD-WAN is an acronym for software-defined networking in a ...

SD-WAN Market and Estimated Market Size

SD-WAN – Why SD-WAN ?
• A key reason of SD-WAN is to allow companies to build higher-performance
WANs using lower-cost and...

Lots of buzzwords! Which one is SD-WAN?

Traditional WAN vs. SD-WAN

Why SD-WAN – MEF Definition
• MEF’s SD-WAN service definition standard describes requirements for an
application-aware, ov...

MEF SD-WAN Service Definition

SD-WAN Components – Common Architectural Elements
SD-WAN 5 Common
Elements:
Edge
Controller
Gateway
Orchestrator
Web Portal

SD-WAN Components – Common Architectural Elements- SD-
WAN Edge
• SD-WAN Edge, which could
either be formed by a physical
...

SD-WAN Components – Common Architectural Elements- SD-
WAN Edge
• It acts as the security-policy enforcer and conducts WAN...

SD-WAN Components – Common Architectural Elements- SD-
WAN Edge
• Since SD-WAN Edges often connect to public Internet WANs...

SD-WAN Controller
• SD-WAN Controller centralizes management to the SD-WAN Edge and to the SD-
WAN Gateway
• The SD-WAN Co...

SD-WAN Controller
• The SD-WAN controller maintains connections to all SD-WAN Edges and SD-WAN
Gateways to identify the op...

SD-WAN Orchestrator
• The Service Orchestrator provides the service management of the SD-WAN
service lifecycle including s...

SD-WAN Gateway
• The SD-WAN Gateway is a special case of an SD- WAN Edge that also enables sites
interconnected via the SD...

SD-WAN Gateway
• There are two ways to deliver an SD-WAN service to sites connected via another
VPN service.
• One way req...

SD-WAN Gateway
• Another way is to use an SD-WAN Gateway
• In this scenario, an SD-WAN Gateway initiates and terminates th...

SD-WAN Gateway
• This approach does not require SD-WAN Edges to be placed at each VPN site to
achieve interconnectivity
• ...

SD-WAN Web Portal
• Subscriber Web Portal is added to the enterprise’s existing managed
services portal
• It works in conj...

SD-WAN Key Characteristics
1. The ability to support multiple connection types, such as MPLS, Last Mile Fiber
Optical Netw...

SD-WAN – Different Transport Mechanisms

SD-WAN – Dynamic Path Selection
• This feature ensures traffic uses the best path depending on the business need,
such as ...

SD-WAN – Dynamic Path Selection
• SD-WAN solution requires
a path selection/control
solution that allows for
each applicat...

SD-WAN – Simpler Management Compare to Legacy WAN
• GUI provides simpler
management, reduced
troubleshooting time,
mass de...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• WAN optimization accelerates application traffic by overcoming l...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• Most SD-WAN implementations offer a way to encrypt your branch-t...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• It’s true that IPsec handles
protecting the data as it
traverses...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• For example, you still need stateful firewall capabilities betwe...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• Most NGFWs also comes with
a variety of UTM functions,
including...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• Since every branch constitutes a WAN edge with exposure to the I...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Deduplication and Compression
• Deduplication analyzes blocks of data,
looking for repetition
...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Deduplication and Compression
• Data Deduplication (dedupe) provides storage savings by elimin...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Deduplication and Compression
• Data compression reduces the number of bits required to repres...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Deduplication and Compression
• Unlike deduplication, compression is not concerned with whethe...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – How Data Compression Work?
• Entropy Encoding is one of the techniques for compression
• You m...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – How Data Compression Work?
• Another
encoding
schema can be
Run-length
encoding

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• Packet loss occurs when network congestion or problems in the ph...

SD-WAN – Wan Optimization – Security and Other Services
• Packet loss is addressed by some WAN optimization appliances usi...

SD-WAN - Forward Error Correction
• For some applications it is necessary to have good error protection
• Sometimes, it wi...

SD-WAN - Forward Error Correction
• Some algorithms are made for this kind of situation as for example in a multiple
recei...

SD-WAN - Forward Error Correction
• A simple example of forward error correction is (3,1) repetition code. In this example...

SD-WAN - Good to have capabilities with SD-WAN
• Some of these features might be good to have for some companies and must ...

SD-WAN - Quality of Service
• Internet connectivity is one of the cheapest and most widely available bandwidth
options
• H...

SD-WAN - Quality of Service
• Quality of service (QoS) refers
to the ability of a network to
provide higher levels of serv...

SD-WAN - Quality of Service
• Some SD-WAN vendors market their Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Dynamic
Path Selection/C...

SD-WAN - Quality of Service
• QoS simply
prioritization
some traffic
and punishing
others!

SD-WAN - Zero-touch Deployment/Provisioning
• With this capability, IT teams can bring up services without the need to int...

SD-WAN - Zero-touch Deployment/Provisioning
Below steps usually included in a ZTP process
1. Making the device reachable
2...

SD-WAN How ZTP Works?
t
• As the name Zero Touch Provisioning
would suggest, the goal is to install a
networking appliance...

SD-WAN How ZTP Works?
• Most ZTP implementations are DHCP driven
• Some vendors use ZTP-USB
• Some vendors gives ability t...

SD-WAN How ZTP Works?
• More and more vendors are offering a cloud service to support the configuration
and ZTP process
• ...

SD-WAN - Global Coverage
• If your business requires international connectivity, you may need to analyze the
provider's po...

SD-WAN Vendor POC Support
• The proof of concept for SD-WAN is an excellent way to understand and verify the
capability of...

SD-WAN Cloud Connection
• Some SD-WAN products have the ability to program “cloud breakout” based on
applications, allowin...

SD-WAN Cloud Connection - SAAS
• Enterprises today face major user experience problems for SaaS applications
because of ne...

SD-WAN Cloud Connection- SAAS
• Common network designs
consolidates application and service
controls at centralized DMZs a...

Traditional WAN vs SD-WAN Comparison

Cisco SD-WAN

Why SD-
WAN?
• Traditional WAN is not capable to handle today’s application and WAN
requirements
• Adoption of Services li...

Value Proposition by SD-WAN
Solution
• Increasing bandwidth through the activation of idle backup links and dynamic
load-b...

Cisco SD-WAN Cloud Scale Architecture

Component and Architecture of Cisco SD-
WAN
• The Cisco SD-WAN solution is a cloud-
delivered Wide Area Network (WAN)
over...

Component and Architecture of Cisco SD-
WAN
• Cisco SD-WAN consist of four main components:
• vManage
• vBond
• vSmart
• v...

vManag
e
• In the Management Plane, vManage represent the user interface of the solution
• Network administrators and oper...

vBon
d
• Cisco vBond resides in Orchestration Plane
• The vBond controller is largely responsible for the Zero-
Touch Prov...

Cisco
vSmart
• Cisco vSmart is the "brain" of the solution and exists within the control plane
• As policies are created o...

Cisco WAN Edge or
vEdge
• WAN Edge comes under the Data Plane and used for forwarding
• Cisco WAN Edge routers come in mul...

Cisco SD-WAN Fabric
Components

Control Plane
Redundancy
• Orchestration level redundancy is achieved by having one DNS name (FQDN)
with multiple IP addre...

Data Plane
Redundancy
• Data plane redundancy is achieved on
multiple levels
• It starts with site redundancy, making
sure...

Platform
s
• The Cisco SD-WAN solution can be deployed on a number of different
platforms, commonly called WAN Edge router...

Hardware
platforms
• Cisco vEdge (formerly Viptela vEdge) Routers running Viptela OS
• Integrated Services Router (ISR) 10...

Virtual
platforms
• Cloud Services Router (CSR) 1000v running IOS XE SD-WAN Software
• vEdge Cloud Router running Viptela ...

Platform
s

Clou
d
• Cisco SD-WAN offers a seamless way of connecting to applications in the
cloud and extending the network to the cl...

Securit
y
• Cisco SD-WAN architecture provides strong security for control plane, data
plane, and management plane operati...

Security Feature on WAN
Edge
• Following are the threat defense features which are available on the WAN
Edge router:
• Sta...

Management and
operations
• The key benefits of the Cisco SD-WAN solution are automated management
and simplified operatio...

Management and
operations
• Cisco vAnalytics offers an additional SaaS-based service to provide more
information about net...

Cisco SD-WAN Viptela Control
Plane

OMP (Overlay Management Protocol)
• OMP Works as BGP in Traditional
Routing
• Exchanges Routing Information via
vSmart
• v...

TLOC (Transport Locator)
• TLOC is Transport Locator use to identify
transport path
• TLOC replaces the next-hop informati...

Types of Route
• OMP Route
• TLOC Route
• Service Route

vRoute or OMP Route
on:
• OMP Route is use to provide the destination prefix reachability along with the
TLOC Information
...

TLOC Route
• It Provides the further TLOC reachability information to the WAN Edge
• WAN Edge does recursive lookup here, ...

Service Route
• It contains the information about the
reachability of any Service Device (Firewall,
Load Balancer or IPS/I...

Cisco SD-WAN Viptela Data
Plane

VPN
• VPN Plays a major role in the SD-WAN
data Plane operations
• VPN is alternative of VRF on Viptela
Hardware
• All the...

VPN 512
• By Default Configured VPN
• Used for Out of Band Management only
• Equivalent to default VRF Management
• Only U...

VPN0
• VPN0 is known as Transport VPN
• Used for Initiate and terminate IPSEC VPN
• All the Transport Interfaces should be...

VPN1 to VPNn
• All the VPN from VPN1 to the limit of VPN’s are known as Service VPN
• Used as regular VRF’s on the WAN Edg...

IPSEC VPN
• IPSEC tunnel will be configured between all the WAN Edges in full mesh
manner by default
• One IPSEC tunnel wi...

IPSEC Key Exchange
• For scalability purpose, SD-WAN is not using IKE (Either IKEv1 or IKEv2) for key
exchange between the...

Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
• BFD Probes will sent by all the the WAN Edges to other WAN Edges through all
th...

Cisco SD-WAN Viptela Management
Plane

Device Templates
• vManage is used for management plane and pushing configuration to the WAN
Edges
• Device templates is t...

Type of Policy in SD-WAN
• Centralized Control Policy
• Centralized Data Policy
• Localized Control Policy
• Localized Dat...

Centralized Control Policy
• It’s a Central policy and defined on vSmart
• It defines how routing (Route learning and Adve...

Centralized Data Policy
• This policy is used to match the data packet based on IP and port
• This can be used as ACL in t...

Localized Control Policy
• This policy locally stored on WAN Edge router
• This is used for manipulating or filtering the ...

Localized Data Policy
• This policy is similar like Centralized Data Policy but stored locally on the WAN
Edge
• This poli...

Cisco SD-Access

Cisco SD-
Access
• An Automated, Programmable Campus Network Fabric Solution
• First Intent Based Network Solution
• Provi...

Cisco SD-
Access

Why SD-
Access
• Network deployment
• Setup or deployment of a single network switch can take several hours due to schedul...

Why SD-
Access
• Network operations
• Limited change management
• Productivity
• Slow resolution of issues

Use-Cases of SD-
Access
• Security & Segmentation
• User Mobility
• Guest Access
• IoT Integration
• Monitoring and Troubl...

How SD-Access
Works?
• The services offered by SD-access is made available through the DNA-Center,
which is an integrated ...

Logical Components of SD-
Access
• SD-Access fabric: Pysical and Logical network forwarding infrastructure
• Cisco DNA-Cen...

SD-Access
Fabric
• The concepts of overlay and fabric are not new in the networking industry
• Existing technologies such ...

SD-Access Fabric
Components
• SD-Access Network Underlay
• SD-Access Fabric Overlay
• SD-Access Policy
• SD-Access Segment...

SD-Access Network
Underlay
• An SD-Access network underlay (or simply: underlay) is comprised of the physical
network de...

SD-Access Fabric
Overlay
• The SD-Access fabric overlay (or simply: overlay) is the logical, virtualized
topology built on...

Fabric Data
Plane
• The logical overlay is created by packet encapsulation using virtual extensible LAN
(VXLAN), with grou...

Fabric Control
Plane
• The logical mapping and resolving of users and devices (associated with VXLAN
tunnel endpoints) is ...

Fabric Policy
Plane
• Where the business intent is translated into a network policy, using address-
agnostic scalable grou...

SD-Access
Policy
• A fundamental benefit of SD-Access is the ability to instantiate logical network
policy, based on servi...

SD-Access
Segmentation
• Segmentation is a method or technology used to separate specific groups of users
or devices from ...

Macro Segmentation
• Logically separating a network topology into smaller virtual networks, using a
unique network ident...

Micro Segmentation
• Logically separating user or device groups within a VN, by enforcing source-to-
destination access co...

Virtual Network
• A virtual network (VN) is a logical network instance within the SD-Access fabric,
providing Layer 2 or L...

Scalable Group
• A scalable group is a logical object ID assigned to a “group” of users and/or
devices in the SD-Access fa...

DNA-Center
• Cisco DNA-Center provides a central management plane for building and
operating a SD-Access fabric
• The mana...

Automation and
Orchestration
• Cisco DNA-Center automation provides the definition and management of SD-
Access group-base...

Automation and
Orchestration
• With SD-Access, Cisco DNA-Center uses controller-based automation as the
primary configurat...

Network
Assurance
• Network assurance quantifies availability and risk from an IT network perspective,
based on a comprehe...

Network
Assurance
Cisco DNA-Center Assurance has been developed as a full management and
operations solution to address th...

Integrated Wired and Wireless
Infrastructure
• The wireless data plane in an SD-Access deployment is distributed (i.e. is ...

SD-Access
Components

Fabric
Components
Below are the Fabric Components:
- Fabric Control Plane Node
- Fabric Border Node
- Fabric Edge Node
- F...

Fabric Control Plane
Node
• The fabric control plane node serves as a central database, tracking all users and
devices as ...

Fabric Border
Node
• Fabric border nodes connect the SD-Access fabric to traditional Layer 3 or Layer 2
networks, or to di...

Fabric Edge
Node
• Fabric edge nodes are responsible for connecting endpoints to the fabric, and
encapsulating/decapsulati...

Fabric Intermediate
Node
• Fabric intermediate nodes are the simplest devices in the SD-Access fabric
architecture. Interm...

Fabric Wireless LAN
Controller
• The fabric WLC supports fabric-enabled APs attached to fabric edge switches,
handling not...

Fabric Enabled Access
Point
• Fabric-enabled APs are attached to fabric edge nodes and connect wireless clients
into the f...

Endpoin
t
• The devices that connect to the fabric edge node are called endpoints. End-points
may be wired clients that di...

Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE)
• Cisco ISE is a shipping product focused on general profiling, identity, and securit...

Cisco DNA-Center
• Cisco DNA-Center is the command and control system for the SD Access solution,
and houses the automated...

Fabric Operations
• Control Plane Operations
• Data Plane Operations
• Wireless in SD-Access Fabric
• SD-Access Extension ...

Control plane operation
In SD-Access fabric, the fabric control plane
node operates as the database tracking all
endpoint ...

Data plane operation
• VXLAN requires an underlying transport network (the
underlay). Underlay data plane forwarding is re...

Layer 2 Virtual Network Interface
• In this mode, frames from an L2 VNI are
bridged to another L2 interface. The
bridging ...

Layer 3 Virtual Network Interface
• In this mode, frames from an L3 VNI are
routed to another L3 interface. The
routing wi...

Wireless in SD-Access Fabric
There are two primary options for integration of wireless with SD-Access:
• SD-Access Wireles...

SD-Access Wireless
In SD-Access fabric, wired and wireless are part of a single integrated
infrastructure and behave the s...

Traditional Wireless or over-the-top
• For backward compatibility, the current Cisco Unified Wireless Network
(CUWN) or ot...

External Connectivity
The SD-Access fabric will need to connect to external locations. Many
external connection options ex...

SD-Access Transit

SD-WAN Transit

IP Transit – MPLS VPN Transport

Integration with Data Center

SD-Access and ACI

SD-Access and ACI

LISP (Location ID Separation Protocol)
• The rapid growth of the default-free zone (DFZ), also known as the
internet routi...

LISP Architecture Components
• Endpoint identifier (EID) - An EID is the IP address of an endpoint
within a LISP site. EID...

LISP Architecture Components
• Egress tunnel router (ETR) - ETRs are LISP routers that de-encapsulate LISP-
encapsulated I...

LISP Architecture Components
• Proxy ETR (PETR) - PETRs act just like ETRs but for EIDs that send traffic to
destinations ...

LISP Architecture Components
• Map server (MS) - This is a network device (typically a router) that learns EID-
to-prefix ...

LISP Architecture and Protocols
LISP Routing Architecture
• LISP separates IP addresses into endpoint identifiers (EIDs) a...

LISP Architecture and Protocols
LISP Control Plane
•The control plane operates in a very similar manner to the Domain
Name...

LISP Architecture and Protocols
LISP Data Plane
•Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs) LISP-encapsulate IP packets received from E...

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible Local Area Network)
• Server Virtualization has placed an increased demand on legacy network
inf...

Issues with Legacy Layer 2 Networks
Virtualization has led to a number of problems with traditional Layer 2 Networks:
• Th...

VXLAN Network Identifier
• VXLAN has a 24-bit VXLAN network identifier (VNI), which allows for up to 16
million VXLAN segm...

VXLAN Headers
There are minor differences between the Layer 2 LISP specification and the
VXLAN specification headers. LISP...

Cloud Computing, Edge
Computing and FOG
Computing

Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services including servers, storage,
databases, networking,...

Cloud Computing
• Rather than owning their own computing infrastructure or data centers,
companies can rent access to anyt...

Cloud Computing – General Characteristics
AGILITY
• The cloud gives you easy access to a broad range of technologies so th...

Cloud Computing – General Characteristics
ELASTICITY:
• With cloud computing, you don’t have to over-provision resources u...

Cloud Computing – General Characteristics
GLOBAL AVAILABILITY:
• With the cloud, you can expand to new geographic regions ...

Cloud Computing
• Architecturally Cloud Computing has 3 different models
• Public Cloud, Private Cloud and Hybrid Cloud

Cloud Computing - Public Cloud
• Public clouds are the most common way of deploying cloud computing. The cloud
resources (...

Cloud Computing - Public Cloud
• The computing functionality may range from common services such as email,
apps and storag...

Cloud Computing – Public Cloud
Characteristics of Public Cloud:
• Lower costs - No need to purchase hardware or software, ...

Cloud Computing – Public Cloud
Concerns with Public Cloud:
• The total cost of ownership (TCO) can rise exponentially for ...

Cloud Computing – Private Cloud
• Private Cloud refers to the cloud solution dedicated for use by a single
organization
• ...

Cloud Computing – Private Cloud
• General Characteristics of Private Cloud:
• Dedicated and secure environments that canno...

Cloud Computing – Private Cloud
It is mostly suitable for:
1. Highly regulated industries and government agencies
2. Techn...

Cloud Computing – Private Cloud
Limitations of Private Cloud:
• Expensive solution with a relatively high total cost of ow...

Cloud Computing – Hybrid Cloud
• This is a cloud infrastructure
environment that is a mix of public
and private cloud solu...

Cloud Computing – Hybrid Cloud
• Often called “the best of both worlds,” hybrid clouds combine on-premises
infrastructure,...

Cloud Computing – Hybrid Cloud
Characteristics of Hybrid Cloud:
• It provides flexibility so you can take advantage of add...

Cloud Computing – Private vs. Public vs. Hybrid Cloud

Cloud Computing – Different Cloud Services
• The three main types of cloud
computing include Infrastructure
as a Service, ...

Cloud Computing – Different Cloud Services - IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
• This service provides the infrastr...

Cloud Computing – Different Cloud Services - PaaS
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
• This service is used in developing, test...

Cloud Computing – Different Cloud Services - SaaS
Software as a Service (SaaS):
• This service makes the users connect to ...

Cloud Computing – IaaS vs. PaaS vs. SaaS

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Service (AIaaS)
• Because hardware, software and staffing costs for AI can be expensive,...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Service (AIaaS)
• Popular AI cloud offerings include the following:
• Amazon AI
• IBM Wa...

Edge Computing
• Edge computing is a networking philosophy focused on bringing computing as
close to the source of data as...

Edge Computing
• Bringing computation to the network’s edge minimizes the amount of long-
distance communication that has ...

Edge Computing
• Cloud computing offers significant amount of resources (e.g., processing, memory
and storage resources) f...

Edge Computing
• Akamai, CloudFront,
CloudFlare and many
other Edge Computing
Providers provide edge
services like WAF, Ed...

Fog Computing
• Both the Fog and Edge Computing are totally concerned and looks into the
computing capabilities to be done...

Fog Computing
• Most of the Fog Computing use cases came from the IOT deployments
• Industrial Automation, Intelligent Tra...

Fog Computing vs. Edge Computing
• For the real-time
applications , having
computing resources
closer to the source
provid...

What is IPTV?
• Delivering digital TV services over IP networks by using copper, fiber, wireless and
HFC infrastructure
• ...

IPTV Network Architecture

Content Delivery Networks - CDN

CDN – Content Delivery Networks
• Content Delivery Network companies replicate content caches close to large user
populati...

CDN – What does Content Provider do?
• Content Providers are defined as companies that provide actual content to
consumers...

CDN – What does Content Provider do?
• Search companies (Bing, Google, Yandex, Baidu), TV stations (ABC News, BBC,
CNN), v...

CDN – What does Content Provider do?
• Content Providers have a direct relationship with billions of customers
• Customers...

CDN – What does Content Provider do?
6 out of top 10 largest companies in the world are Content
Providers

CDN – What does Content Provider do?
• Google, Netflix, Facebook, Microsoft and almost all other big Content Providers
hav...

CDN – What is OTT?
• Over the Top is a term used to refer to Content Providers
• So, when you hear Over the Top Providers,...

CDN – Advantages of CDN
• Content Distribution Networks reduce latency and increase service resilience
(Content is replica...

CDN – Advantages of CDN
• Before CDNs, the content were served from the source locations which increased
latency, thus red...

CDN – Before CDN – After CDN
BEFORE CDN AFTER CDN

CDN – Who is doing CDN Business?
• Amazon, Akamai, Limelight, Fastly and Cloudflare are the largest CDN providers
which pr...

CDN – Where CDN Providers Deploy their servers?
• CDN providers have servers all around the world
• These servers are loca...

CDN – How it works?
• To improve user experience and lower transmission costs, large companies set up
servers with copies ...

CDN – How it works?
• Edge servers are proxy caches that work in a manner similar to the browser
caches
• When a request c...

CDN – How it works?
• If content is not in the cache or the
cache entry has expired, then the
edge server makes a request ...

CDN – Request Routing (Proximity Based Routing)
• Redirecting end users to the optimal edge server, based on the some attr...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Selection Mechanism
• The mechanism determines the optimal server for an end user
• A serve...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Selection Mechanism
• Because the nearest server is commonly considered to best serve end u...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms
• The mechanism informs the end user about the optimal surrogate ser...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
HTTP Redirection
• HTTP redirection allows a web server to propaga...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
HTTP Redirection
• The weakness of HTTP redirection lies in its re...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms – URL
Rewriting
• In URL rewriting, the origin server rewrites the g...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms – DNS
Based Redirection
• Sites using CDNs configured with DNS Unica...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms – DNS
Based Redirection
• When a website visitor types in the URL or...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms – DNS
Based Redirection
• When the browser makes a DNS request for a...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms – DNS
Based Redirection
• Companies may optimize their CDNs in other...

CDN – DNS Based Redirection Mechanism Problem
• With this approach, CDN Authoritative DNS Server responds to the IP addres...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms – DNS
Based Redirection

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
Anycast
• In this approach, the same IP address is assigned to mul...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
Anycast
• When the client sends requests to the IP address, the re...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
Anycast
• CDN service providers who configure their platform with ...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
Anycast
• BGP is a network level protocol which is used by Interne...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
Anycast
• A CDN configured with Anycast still uses DNS
• The prima...

CDN – Request Routing – Server Redirection Mechanisms –
Anycast
• Due to its architecture, Anycast offers some advantages ...

CDN – Request Routing – DNS vs. Anycast
• Anycast approach is considered in a scenarios where less latency , less DNS
look...

Wireless Local Area Network
Design

WLAN Architecture
There are three different WLAN Architecture:
• Autonomous WLAN architecture
• Centralized WLAN architect...

WLAN Architecture - Autonomous WLAN Architecture
• For many years, the conventional access point was a standalone WLAN dev...

WLAN Architecture - Autonomous WLAN Architecture
• All configuration settings exist in the autonomous access point itself,...

WLAN Architecture - Autonomous WLAN Architecture
• The data plane also resides
in each autonomous AP
because all user traf...

WLAN Architecture - Autonomous WLAN Architecture
• Access points operate as layer 2 devices; however, they still need a la...

WLAN Architecture - Centralized WLAN Architecture
• This model uses a central WLAN controller that resides in the core of ...

WLAN Architecture - Centralized WLAN Architecture
• Beginning in 2002, many WLAN vendors decided to move to a WLAN control...

WLAN Architecture - Centralized WLAN Architecture
• Management Plane: Access points are configured and managed from the WL...

WLAN Architecture - Centralized WLAN Architecture
• Access points tunnel all user traffic to a central controller
• The en...

Centralized WLAN Architecture - WLAN Controller
WLAN Controller has several functions:
• AP Management
• WLAN Management
•...

Centralized WLAN Architecture - WLAN Controller
There are two types of data-forwarding methods when using WLAN controllers...

Centralized WLAN Architecture - WLAN Controller
• Centralized Data Forwarding: Where all data is forwarded from the AP to ...

Centralized WLAN Architecture - WLAN Controller
• Distributed Data Forwarding: Where the AP performs data forwarding local...

Distributed WLAN Architecture
• A recent trend has been to move away from the centralized WLAN controller
architecture tow...

Distributed WLAN Architecture
• Some of the WLAN controller vendors now also offer a distributed WLAN
architecture solutio...

Distributed WLAN Architecture
• A distributed WLAN architecture
combines multiple access points
with a suite of cooperativ...

Distributed WLAN Architecture
• Distributed WLAN architectures are modeled after traditional routing and
switching design ...

WLAN Design
We will be covering below WLAN Design topics:
• Coverage Design
• Roaming Design
• Channel Design
• Capacity D...

Coverage Design
• When designing a WLAN, probably the first thing that comes to mind will always
be the coverage area or z...

Coverage Design
• A common mistake is to design a WLAN based solely on an access point’s
capabilities
• The exact opposite...

Coverage Design – Received Signal
• So what exactly is
considered a quality
received signal? As
shown in the table,
depend...

Coverage Design – Received Signal
• When designing for coverage, the normal recommended best practice is to
provide for a ...

Coverage Design – Received Signal
• A received signal of –70 dBm or higher usually guarantees that a client radio will
use...

Coverage Design - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
• Another reason for planning for –70 dBm coverage is because the received s...

Coverage Design - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
• The SNR is not actually a ratio; it is simply the difference in decibels b...

Coverage Design - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
• In most instances, a
received signal of –
70 dBm will be 20 dB
or higher a...

Coverage Design - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
• Data transmissions can become corrupted with a very low SNR
• If the ampli...

Coverage Design - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
• An SNR of below 10 dB will likely result in data corruption and retransmis...

Coverage Design - VoWifi
• VoWiFi communications are more susceptible to layer 2 retransmissions than
other types of appli...

Coverage Design - VoWifi
• As shown in the right
figure, even if the noise
floor were a very high –90
dBm, the SNR of a –6...

Coverage Design - VoWifi
• One VoWiFi vendor may state that a –67 dBm signal is sufficient, whereas
another vendor may sug...

Coverage Design – Dynamic Rate Switching
• Will a client device be able to communicate with an AP if the signal drops belo...

Coverage Design – Dynamic Rate Switching
• Data rate transmissions between the access point and the client stations will s...

Coverage Design – Dynamic Rate Switching
• There is a direct correlation between signal quality and distance from the AP
•...

Coverage Design – Dynamic Rate Switching
• In the right figure, an
802.11a/g client might connect
at 54 Mbps when receivin...

Coverage Design – Dynamic Rate Switching
• Dynamic rate switching (DRS) is also referred to as dynamic rate shifting, dyna...

Coverage Design – Dynamic Rate Switching
• The objective of DRS is upshifting and downshifting for rate optimization and
i...

Coverage Design – Transmit Power
• A big factor that will affect both WLAN coverage and roaming is the transmit
power of t...

Coverage Design – Transmit Power
• WLAN capacity design and reduction of airtime consumption are important
design consider...

Coverage Design – Transmit Power
• Access points deployed at full transmit power in an indoor environment will also
increa...

Coverage Design – Transmit Power
• Typical indoor WLAN deployments are designed with the APs set at about one-
fourth to o...

Coverage Design – Transmit Power
• Another consideration is the transmit power of the CLIENTS!
• One heavily debated topic...

Coverage Design – Transmit Power
• The transmit power of many indoor APs may be 10 mW or less due to high-
density design ...

Roaming Design
• Roaming is the method by which client stations move between RF coverage cells
in a seamless manner
• Clie...

Roaming Design
• Roaming is one of the most common issues you will need to troubleshoot in
WLAN
• Roaming problems are usu...

Roaming Design
• Client stations, not the access point, decide whether or not the client roams
between access points
• Som...

Roaming Design
• The method by which a client station decides to roam is a set of proprietary rules
determined by the manu...

Roaming Design
• Roaming thresholds usually involve signal strength, SNR, and bit-error rate
• As the client station commu...

Roaming Design
• The most important variable will always be received signal strength
• As the received signal from the ori...

Roaming Design
• However, other metrics, such as SNR, error rates, and retransmissions, may also
have a part in what trigg...

Roaming Design
• As shown in the right figure,
as the client station moves
away from the original
access point with which ...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming
• One major consideration when designing a WLAN is what happens when client
stations roam...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming
• The roaming is seamless at layer 2, but user VLANs are tied to different subnets
on eit...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming
• Any connection-oriented applications that are running when the client re-
establishes l...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming
• Because 802.11 wireless networks are usually integrated into pre-existing wired
topolog...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• Mobile IP is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard protocol th...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• Layer 3 roaming solutions based on Mobile IP use some type of tunneling met...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• Most WLAN vendors
now support some
form of layer 3 roaming
solution, as sho...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• A mobile client receives an IP address, also known as a home address on a h...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• Client’s original associated access point serves as the home agent
• The ho...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• In this example, the foreign agent is another access point that handles all...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• When the client roams across layer 3 boundaries, the client is roaming to a...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• Any traffic that is sent to the client’s home address is intercepted by the...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• In our example, the Mobile IP tunnel is between two APs on opposite sides o...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming – Mobile IP
• In a multiple WLAN controller environment, an IP tunnel is created between
...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming
• Although maintaining upper-layer connectivity is possible with these layer 3
roaming so...

Roaming Design – Layer 3 Roaming
• Less complex infrastructure often uses a simpler layer 2 design
• Larger enterprise net...

Channel Design
• Another key component of WLAN design is the selection of the proper channels
to be used among multiple AP...

Channel Design - Adjacent Channel Interference
• Adjacent channel interference (ACI) is a degradation of performance resul...

Channel Design - Adjacent Channel Interference
• When designing a wireless LAN, you need overlapping coverage cells in ord...

Channel Design - Adjacent Channel Interference
• Overlapping coverage cells with overlapping frequencies cause what is kno...

Channel Design - 2.4 GHz Channel Reuse
• To avoid adjacent channel interference, a channel reuse design is necessary
• Onc...

Channel Design - 2.4 GHz Channel Reuse
• APs in the 2.4 GHz band,
therefore, should always be
placed in a channel reuse
pa...

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