4. Words in Arabic
Arabic is made up of three types of
words.
1. اﺳﻢ (ISM)
2. ﻓﻌﻞ (Fi’l)
3. ﺣﺮف (Harf)
5. ﺣرف (Harf)
A Harf is a word that does
not make sense unless there
is another word after it.
Examples of Harfs in English: in,
at, for, with, to
6. ﻓﻌل (Fi’l)
A Fi’l is a action word which
is always in the past,
present, or future tense
Examples of Fi’ls in English: ran,
created, eating, reads, will write
7. اﺳم (Ism)
An Ism can be a person, place,
thing, idea, adjective, adverb,
and more. E.g.
8. Properties Of ISM
Every ISM has 4 properties -
1. Status إﻋﺮاب
2. Number ﻋﺪد
3. Gender ﺟﻨﺲ
4. Type ﻗﺴﻢ
9. Status
Every Ism plays a role in
a sentence, and the
status of that Ism tells
us what role it plays.
11. Type of Status
رﻓﻊ (Raf’a) - Every sentence has a doer. The
doer will always be in the Raf’a status (ٌعُﻮﻓْﺮَﻣ)
ﻧﺼﺐ (Nasb) - Anything that gives extra
information about the ﻓﻌﻞ is called a detail,
and it will be in the ﻧﺼﺐ (Nasb) status.(ٌبُﻮﺼْﻨَﻣ)
ﺟﺮ (Jarr) - Jarr is that word which comes
after ‘of’. (ٌرُوﺮْﺠَﻣ)
13. Status
He drank juice outside
yesterday quickly.
A. What did he drink? Juice (detail)
B. Where did he drink juice? Outside (detail)
C. When did he drink juice? Yesterday (detail)
D. How did he drink juice? Quickly (detail)
14. Status
In the examples below, try to
figure out the ﺟﺮ words:
1. Car of Yaseen
2. Faheem’s house
3. My pen
15. How to Recognize Status
1. The teachers helped the
students.
2. The students helped the
teachers.
24. Recognizing ending sound and combination
1. Ending Sound
a. Masculine - ◌ٌ (un), ◌ً (an), ◌ٍ (in)
b. Feminine - ٌة ًة ٍة (Same just with ‘)’ة
2. Ending Combination
a. Pair Combination - Both Masculine and
Feminine are same. AANI / AYNI
b. Pleural Combination -
- Masculine - OONA / EENA
- Feminine - AATUN / AATIN
25. Practice
ِﻦﻣْﻮُﻣ (believer)
1. The believer
read the Quran
2. I met two
believer
3. The believers
prayed
ِﻞﻣَﺎﻋ (worker)
1. The workers were
tired
2. The car of two
workers
3. The believer
hired a worker
26. Light V/S Heavy Ism
● By default, ‘اﺳﻢs are heavy, meaning they
have a ‘ن ‘ sound at the end.
● There are two types of heavy:
○ Heavy due to sound: Tanween
○ Heavy due to ending combination: Visible ‘ن ‘ at end
● In some special cases we can make an اﺳﻢ
light, meaning we remove the ‘ن ‘sound from
the end.
○ We have to be careful which kind of ‘ن ‘we remove. We
can only remove the ‘ن ‘sound if it comes from an ending
tanween sound or from an ending combination
27.
28. Light V/S Heavy Cont.
● If a word has ‘‘ال on it, it is
neither light nor heavy.
● Status doesn’t change if an اﺳﻢ is
light or heavy.
● 4 Reason for make a word light -
■ Partly Flexible Words
■ Mudaaf
■ The one being called ()ﻳﺎ
■ Categorical Negation (Strongest NO)
30. Flexibility of اﺳم
● Question of Flexibility comes only
in a word that has “Ending Sound”
● There are Three types of
Flexibility:
1. Fully Flexible
2. Partly Flexible
3. Non Flexible
31. Fully Flexible اﺳم
● Fully flexible isms can show all
three statuses
● Most isms are fully flexible.
● Fully flexible isms can be heavy
or light.
● All the words fits in the Muslim
chart are fully flexible.
32. Non Flexible اﺳم
● Non flexible isms only have one form.
● Look the same in all statuses.
● E.g.
○ ﻰَﯾﺳِﻋ ﻰَُوﺳﻣ
○ ًىدُھ اََذھ
○ ِْيذﱠﻟا
33. ● Partly flexible words have special
rules that only apply to them.
● Partly flexible words can never do:
1. They can never have tanween
(Always light)
2. They can never have kasrah
Partly Flexible اﺳم
34. Categories of Partly Flexible اﺳم
1. Name of Place - Makka, New york, Dhaka
2. Non Arabic Names - Ibrahim, Adam
3. Female Names and Some Unique masculine
names
4. Name of Colors
5. Name of Body defects
6. Comparative Words
7. Some Broken plurals which has ا in the
middle
37. Exceptions
1. If words have ال or if the become Mudaaf
they become fully flexible
2. If a place and non arab names are spelled
with 3 letters its fully flexible. E.g ﻧﻮح
ﻋﺪن ﻟﻮط
40. Number of ISM
Numbers are 3 in Arabic
1. Singular - - ًﺎﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ - ٌﻢِﻠْﺴُﻣ
ٍﻢِﻠْﺴُﻣ
2. Dual / Pair - ِﻦْﻴَﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ - ِنَﺎﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ
ِﻦْﻴَﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ -
3. Plural - Are 6 type
41. Number - Plural
1. Masculine Plural -
a. َﻦْﻳ َنْو ending. E.g. َﻦْﻴِﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ َنُﻮﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ
b. Including Humans, Angels, Jins
c. Also Include Women
2. Human Feminine Plural -
a. ٍتا ٌتا ending. E.g. ٍتَﺎﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ ٌتَﺎﻤِﻠْﺴُﻣ
b. Only used for Female Human
3. Non Human Feminine Plural -
a. ٍتا ٌتا ending. E.g. ٍتَارَﻴﺎﺳ ٌتَاوَﺎﻤَﺳ
b. Used as Singular Feminine (She)
42. 4. Human Broken Plural -
a. Un/An/En (singular) ending
b. ِﻲﺒَﻧ becomes ُءَﺎﻴِﺒْﻧَا
c. ٌﺮِﻓَﺎﻛ becomes ٌﺮُﻔﻛ
d. Can be treated “As it is” or “Singular
Feminine”
5. Human Broken Plural -
a. Un/An/En (singular) ending
b. ٌﻢَﻠَﻗ becomes ٌم َ
ْﻼﻗَا
c. ٍبَﺎﺘِﻛ becomes ٍﺐُﺘُﻛ
d. Must be treated As “Singular Feminine”
cont.
43. 6. ISM Jama
Looks like singular but considered plural
because Arab Said so
i. ٌمْﻮَﻗ - Nation
ii. ٌسَﺎﻧ - People
iii. ٌنْﺮَﻗ - Generation
cont.
47. gender
Everything in Arabic fall into 2
categories of Gender
1. Masculine
2. Feminine
All words are masculine by default and
will only be feminine due to certain
characteristics.
48. Feminine
There are two kinds of feminine words:
1. Real Feminine / biological
a. Like Mother, Sister, Wife, Cow
b. Common sense
2. Fake Feminine
a. Words ending
b. Broken plurals (and any non hum pl.)
c. Feminine because the Arabs said so
d. Specific Name of places
49. Words ending
1. Words ends with ة -
a. Most common way of finding fake feminine words.
b. E.g. ٌة َ
َﻼﺻ ٌةَﺎﻛَز ٌﺔَﻨﺟ ٌﺔَﺟَراد
c. Exception ٌﺔَﻔِﻴﻠَﺧ
2. Words ends with ى (Alif Maksura) -
a. Not so common
b. E.g. َىﺮْﺸُﺑ َﻰﺸْﻄَﻋ
3. Words ends with آء (Alif Mamduda) -
a. Very rare
b. E.g.ُءَﺎﻨَﺴَﺣ
c. Exceptions ُءَﺎﻤَﻠُﻋ ُءَاﺪَﻬُﺷ
50. Broken Plurals
1. Non Human Broken Plurals
a. These are always considered as ‘she’
(feminine, singular)
b. So those are fake feminine
c. E.g. ٍﺐُﺘُﻛ ٌم َ
ْﻼﻗَا
2. Human Broken Plurals
a. we can call these ‘she.’ By doing that,
we consider them to be fake feminine.
b. E.g. ٌﺮُﻔﻛ ُءَﺎﻴِﺒْﻧَا
51. Feminine Because Arab Said So
1. Body parts in pairs -
a. E.g. ٌﻞَﺟِر ٌنُذُأ ٌﺪَﻳ ٌﻦْﻴَﻋ
2. Some random words in the following story -
During a ْبﺮَﺣ(war) a soldier was daydreaming looking at the
َﺎءﻤَﺳ(sky) until the ْﺲﻤَﺷ(sun) came up. When he snapped out of
it, he realized he is the only ْﺲﻔَﻧ(person) left on the
battlefield surrounded by َﺎرﻧ(fire), so he used a ْﻮﻟَد(bucket)
full of water to make a ْﻞﻴِﺒَﺳ(path) all the way to safer ْضرأ
(land). In the hot blowing ْﺢﻳِر(wind), he was desperately
looking for a ْرءِب(well) to draw water from. In his search he
found an empty َارد(house) in which there was a ْسﺄَﻛ(cup) full
of َﺮﻤَﺧ(wine). He is tempted despite his fear of َﻨﻢﻬَﺟ(hellfire)
to take a sip but wards off his temptation and uses his َﻰﺼَﻋ
55. Type
There are two categories of type:
1. Common - General Words
a. a book, a teacher, a cat
2. Proper - Specific Words
a. that book, the teacher, my cat
There are 7 categories of Proper Ism’s in
Arabic
56. Proper Ism’s
1. Proper Names - Names of people or places
a. Amr, Bakr, Jayeed, Makka, Madinah
2. Words with ال
a. ال means ‘the’
b. Words with ال cannot have tanween
3. Pronouns
a. he, you, I, we, they, us, me
4. Pointers
a. this, that, these, those
57. Proper Ism’s
5. Ism Mowsool - (the one who)
6. The one being called ()ﻳﺎ
7. If the اﺳﻢ after ‘of’ is proper, then the
اﺳﻢ before ‘of’ is proper
Plural Pair Singular
َْنﯾِذﱠﻟَا ِناَﱠذﻟَا ِْيذﱠﻟَا Masculine
ِْﻲﺗ ﱠ
َﻻا ِنَﺎﺗﱠﻟَا ِْﻲﺗﱠﻟَا Feminine
61. Plural Pair Singular
Masculine (I) R
3rd
Person
Masculine (A) N/J
Feminine (I) R
Feminine (A) N/J
Masculine (I) R
2nd
Person
Masculine (A) N/J
Feminine (I) R
Feminine (A) N/J
Independent (R)
1st
Person
Attached (N/J)
َ
ُوھ - He
َﺎﻣُھ- Both of them
ْمُھ - They
َِﻲھ - She
َﺎﻣُھ- Both of them (f)
ُنﱠھ - They (F)
َْتﻧَأ - You
َﺎﻣُﺗْﻧَأ - Both of you
ْمُﺗْﻧَأ - All of You
ِتْﻧَأ - You (F)
َﺎﻣُﺗْﻧَأ - Both of you (f)
ُنﱠﺗْﻧَأ - All of You
َﺎﻧَأ - I
ُنَْﺣﻧ - We
ِه / ُه
َﺎھ
َك
ِك
ي / ِْﻲﻧ
َﺎﻣِھ / َﺎﻣُھ
ْمِھ / ْمُھ
ِنﱠھ / ُنﱠھ
َﺎﻣُﻛ
ْمُﻛ
َﺎﻣُﻛ
ُنﱠﻛ
َﺎﻣِھ / َﺎﻣُھ
َﺎﻧ
62. ❖ Independent pronouns are always in the رﻓﻊ
status.
❖ Attached pronouns are always either in the
ﻧﺼﺐ or ﺟﺮ status. All attached pronouns
look the same in the ﻧﺼﺐ and ﺟﺮ status
except for the أﻧﺎ version.
➢ Nasb - When it's attached with Fil / Harf Nasb
➢ Jarr - When it's attached with Ism / Harf Jarr
Pronouns
64. Fragments
A fragment is less than a sentence but more
than a word. A fragment is formed when two or
more words come together but do not form a
complete thought.
Most common Fragments -
1. Jaar Majruur
2. Harf Nasb & Ismu ha
3. Idhafaa
4. Mousuf Sifah
5. Ismul Ishara
66. ❖ The harf of jarr makes the ism after it
jarr.
❖ Nothing comes between the harf of jarr and
its ism.
❖ The harf of jarr is called the ﺟﺎر and the
ism it makes jarr is the ُورﺮْﺠَﻣ
Jaar - Majruur
71. ❖ The harf of nasb makes its ism nasb.
❖ Can tolerate a long distance relationship.
❖ The harf of Nasb is called the Harf “Name”
and the ism it makes nasb is the Ismu Ha
Harf Nasb & Ismu ha
72.
73. The nasb version of the pronoun َﺎﻧأ is ِﻲﻧ and the nasb for ﻧﺤﻦ is ﻧﺎ. When attached
to a harf of nasb ending in ن these pronouns can be written fully, or the ن can
be dropped. ِﻲﻨِﻧإ or ِﻧﻲإ
74. ٌﻢِﻴﺣَر ٌرُﻮﻔَﻏ َﻪاﻟﻠ ِنا
Surah mumtahina 12. And story of women
َ
ﻻ ْﻢِﻬِﺴُﻔْﻧَأ ٰﻰَﻠَﻋ ُﻮاﻓَﺮْﺳَأ َﻦِﻳﺬاﻟ َيِدَﺎﺒِﻋ َﺎﻳ ْﻞُﻗ
َبُﻮﻧاﻟﺬ ُﺮِﻔْﻐَﻳ َﻪاﻟﻠ ِنإ ِۚﻪاﻟﻠ ِﺔَﻤْﺣَر ْﻦِﻣ ُﻮاﻄَﻨْﻘَﺗ
ُﻢِﻴﺣاﻟﺮ ُرُﻮﻔَﻐْﻟا َﻮُﻫ ُﻪِﻧإ ًۚﺎﻌِﻴﻤَﺟ
Az-Zumar, Ayah 53
Quranic Gems
76. ❖ An إﺿﺎﻓﺔ is a construction that indicates
possession or belonging.
❖ In English, belonging can be expressed
using the word “of”. For example, “the book
of Allah”
❖ The word before the “of” and is called the
ﻣﻀﺎف
❖ The word after the “of”. This is called the
إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻀﺎف
Idhafaa
77. ❖ ﻣﻀﺎف
➢ Must be Light
➢ The ﻣﻀﺎف cannot have an ال
❖ إﻳﻠﻪ ﻣﻀﺎف
➢ Must be in the ﺟﺮ status
➢ Must come right after ﻣﻀﺎف
❖ Nothing comes between Idhafaa
Rules of Idhafaa
81. SPECIAL ﻣﺿﺎف
The words above remain ﻣﻨﺼﻮب unless preceded by a ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف. (Time & Place)
The above special ﻣﻀﺎف do not denote time or place and can appear in any status.
83. SPECIAL Case with ﱞلُﻛ
The meaning of ُﻞﻛ changes depending on the
number and type of the إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻀﺎف
➢ If the إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻀﺎف is SINGULAR AND COMMON,
the meaning is “each and every”
● Ex. ٍﺪِﺠْﺴَﻣ ُﻞﻛ - Each and every masjid
➢ If the إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻀﺎف is SINGULAR AND PROPER,
the meaning is “the entire”
● Ex. ِﺪِﺠْﺴَﻤاﻟ ُﻞﻛ - The entire masjid
➢ If the إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻀﺎف is PLURAL AND PROPER, the
meaning is “all of”
● Ex. ِﺪِﺟَﺎﺴَﻤاﻟ ُﻞﻛ - al of masjid
84. اﻟﺧﻣﺳﺔ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء (Five Isms)
The five special isms are called so because when these words are mudhafs their
status is not shown by ending sound or ending combination. Their status is
shown by ending letter.
86. ❖ This is a noun-adjective fragment.
❖ It Has 2 parts -
➢ Mawsoof (descriptive part) - must come
first. There can be only one mawsoof
➢ Sifah - Description
■ Must come after the mawsoof
■ Has the same 4 properties as the Mawsoof
■ There can be multiple Sifat
■ Can tolerate a long distance
relationship
Mawsoof Sifah ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣوﺻوف
89. ❖ In Arabic the pointer word is called the
ismul ishaarah
❖ the word it’s pointing at is called the
mushaarun ilayhi
❖ Rules for making Fragment -
➢ MUST MATCH IN ALL FOUR PROPERTIES.
➢ إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺸﺎر MUST HAVE AN ال ON IT
➢ Nothing can come between them
❖ Rules for Making Sentence -
➢ إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺸﺎر Can’t HAVE AN ال ON IT
إﻟﯾﮫ واﻟﻣﺷﺎر اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺳم
94. ❖ Pointing at Idhafaa Fragment
➢ This house of Allah’s…
➢ َاﺬَﻫ ِﻪاﻟﻠ ُﺖْﻴَﺑ
❖ Pointing toward Proper Ism to make
Sentence
➢ This is the house.
➢ ُﺖْﻴَﺒاﻟ َﻮُﻫ َاﺬَﻫ
Special Cases with Ismul Ishaara
96. ❖ There are a handful of Harf in Arabic
that are used to connect units of
language.
❖ They can come between Isms, fragments or
sentences.
❖ When these ﺣﺮوف are used to connect
between two or more اﺳﻢ, they carry over
the status of that اﺳﻢ.
❖ Most common of them is “”و And
اﻟﻌطف ﺣروف
99. ❖ There are two types of sentences in
the Arabic language.
● Jumlah Ismiaya
◆ Sentence begins with an اﺳﻢ
● Jumlah Fihliya
◆ Sentence begins with a ﻓﻌﻞ
Type of Sentences
100. AM / IS / ARE
“The break in the chain” rule
If you find multiple breaks, the “is”
goes after the first break.
FINDING THE INVISIBLE “IS”
102. 1. After Independence Pronouns -
َنُْﻮﻓِﺮْﺴُﻣ ٌمَﻮﻗ ْﻢُﺘْﻧَأ ُ ﱠ
ﷲ َﻮُھ
ُﮫْﻨِﻣ ٌﺮْﯿَﺧ َﺎﻧَأ ِبَﺎﺘِﻜاﻟ ِْﻦﻣ َﻮُھ
Common Way to Identify...
103. 2. After Pointers - If no ال
ِرﱠﺎﻨاﻟ َُﺎبﺤَْﺻأ َكِءَﻻُْوأ
ِﷲ ِﺪْﻨِﻋ ِْﻦﻣ ھﺬا
ِﷲ ُﺔَﻗَﺎﻧ ھﺬه
Common Way to Identify...
104. 3. After Harf Nasb with its Victim -
ُءَاﺮْﻔَﺻ ٌةَﺮَﻘَﺑ َﺎﮭﱠﻧِإ
َْﻦﯾِﺮِﺑﱠﺎﺼاﻟ َﻊَﻣ َ ﱠ
ﷲ ِنﱠإ
Common Way to Identify...
105. 4. Between a Proper & a Common Word -
ُﺮَﺒْﻛأ ُﷲ
َِﺎنﺘَطُْﻮﺴْﺒَﻣ ُهَاﺪَﯾ
ٌﻢْﯿِﻠَﻋ ٌﻊَِاﺳو ُﷲَو
Common Way to Identify...
110. ❖ Standard order of a Jumlah Ismiyah
is - Mubtada → Khabar → MBK
❖ When something is before its normal
position, we call it َﺪمﻘُﻣ
❖ When something is after its normal
position, we call it َﺧﺮﺆُﻣ
❖ This causes a meaning of exclusivity
or َﺎصﺼِﺘْﺧِا
Abnormal Sentence Structure
113. ❖ Made up Using Templates
❖ Both of them made up with MBI
Mukadaam & Mubtada Muakkhar
❖ “He Has” -
➢ Using ل (harf Jarr)
■ This template is default for possession
■ ٌبْﺮِﺷ َﺎﻬَﻟ
■ ِﻦْﻴَﻴَﺜْﻧُاﻷ َﻆﺣ ُﻞْﺜِﻣ َﺮَﻛْﺬﻠِﻟ
“He Has” / “There is” Sentence