Paraphrasing & Plagiarism - college writing version

1. How to Paraphrase
and Avoid Plagiarism

2. WHAT IS Plagiarism?
According to the Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary…
1. To steal and pass off the ideas or words
of another as one's own.
2. To use another's production without
crediting the source.
3. To commit literary theft.
4. To present as new and
original an idea or product
derived from an existing source.

3. Why does Plagiarism Occur?
1. Lack of Knowledge and Skills: Students
don’t know procedures for citation and
paraphrasing.
2. Insecurity or Lack of Preparation:
Students take other’s work because they
did not put the effort into learning the
material, or they want to sound more
impressive.
3. Developmental Issues: Students do not
perceive what they are doing as unethical.

4. Direct copy and
paste of someone
else’s work without
including any of
your own writing.
Submitting another’s
work word-for-word
as your own.
Types of Plagiarism
1. The Clone

5. Types of Plagiarism
2. The Mashup
Some of the writing is
original or correctly
cited, but other parts
are copied from one or
more sources without
using quotation marks
or citation.

6. Types of Plagiarism
3. Find & Replace
Parts of the text are copied
from the internet, and
certain words and phrases
have been changed to make
the passages sound
different. The text is still too
close to the author’s original
wording OR structure.

7. Types of Plagiarism
4. The Recycler
Submitting work
you did for one
class to a different
one, or directly
reusing your old
work for a new
assignment.

8. Types of Plagiarism
5. The 404 Error
All copied text is
cited, but some
citations are
inaccurate or
leading to non-
existent sources.

9. But…it was an accident!
In education, it does not matter if plagiarism was intentional
or not. The consequences are usually the same.

10. 1. Cite your sources accurately.
2. Learn to paraphrase properly.
How to Avoid Plagiarism:
What is a paraphrase?

11. Summary Paraphrase
The goal of a summary
is to condense the main
ideas of a text.
The goal of a
paraphrase is to put
someone else’s ideas in
your own words.
You use a summary to
take notes for class or to
help you remember
what happened in a
reading assignment.
You use a paraphrase
when writing an essay
or paper.
A summary should be
as short as possible.
A paraphrase does not
shorten a text, it just
puts the ideas in a text
into original words.

12. Summary Paraphrase
I need to remember what
happened in this chapter.
I will identify the main
ideas of an ENTIRE
chapter and condense
them into a short
statement!
I want to mention the idea
the author wrote in this
short paragraph in my
essay. I will re-word and
re-structure the idea in a
completely different way
so I can use it in my essay
without a direct quote.

13. How to Paraphrase:
Step 1: Gain a thorough understanding of
the ideas in the source text. If you don’t
understand the author’s ideas, it will be
difficult to put them in your own words.

14. How to Paraphrase:
Step 2: Re-state the author’s ideas using
different words and sentence structure
from the source text. Try to write the
author’s ideas down without looking at
the source text - this will help you
succeed.
Don’t look at the
source text!

15. How to Paraphrase:
Step 3: Cite your paraphrased
passages. Yes - you still have to cite a
paraphrase just like a quote!
I just read a book called
Writing Research Papers by
James D. Lester.
The passage I want to
paraphrase is on page 46.
Example…

16. Original Text Paraphrase
Students frequently overuse
direct quotation when
taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in
the final research paper.
Probably only about 10% of
your final paper should
appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the
amount of exact copying of
source materials while
taking notes.
In research papers,
students often quote
excessively, failing to keep
quoted material down to a
desirable level. Since the
problem usually originates
during note taking, it is
essential to minimize the
number of direct quotes
you add to your notes
(Lester 46).

17. Original Text Plagiarism!
Students frequently overuse
direct quotation when
taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in
the final research paper.
Probably only about 10% of
your final paper should
appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the
amount of exact copying of
source materials while
taking notes.
In research papers,
students often quote
excessively, failing to keep
quoted material down to a
desirable level. Since the
problem usually originates
during note taking, it is
essential to minimize the
number of direct quotes
you add to your notes.

18. Original Text Plagiarism!
Students frequently overuse
direct quotation when
taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in
the final research paper.
Probably only about 10% of
your final paper should
appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the
amount of exact copying of
source materials while
taking notes.
Students often use too
many quotations when
taking notes, resulting in
too many of them in the
final research paper. In
fact, only about 10% of the
final copy should consist of
directly quoted material. So
it is important to limit the
amount of source material
copied while note-taking.
(Lester 46).

19. Review: