Magnetic refrigeration

1. SYNTHESIS AND TESTING OF MAGNETOCALORIC MATERIALS
FOR MAGNETIC COOLING
PRESENTED BY
Philip Shibu TOC18ME047
Richu Jobu TOC18ME052
Sreekesh Mallya TOC18ME059
Sanu P B TOC18ME056 1
GUIDED BY
Asst.Prof. Mr.Aby S
Department of ME
TIST Arakkunnam
30 June 2022

2. OBJECTIVE
1
CONTENTS
4 PROBLEM STATEMENT
3
2
30 June 2022
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
2
METHODOLOGY
5
COST ANALYSIS
7
TIMELINE
6
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
8
CONCLUSION
9

3. OBJECTIVE
 To synthesise magnetic-caloric materials for room temperature
magnetic refrigeration.
 Testing of as-prepared magneto-caloric material
 Measure and compare magnetic refrigeration effect of
synthesised magneto-caloric material
3
30 June 2022

4. INTRODUCTION
 Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magneto-
caloric effect(MCE).
 MCE is a phenomenon of heating or cooling of a magnetic material
when the applied magnetic field changes.
 Magneto-caloric materials are metals endowing the MCE.
4
30 June 2022

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
5
30 June 2022

6. SL
NO
Journal Topic
Name
Author name,
Journal name &
Year
Findings
1 Review and comparison
of magnet designs for
magnetic refrigeration
R. Bjork,C.R.H.
Bhal,A.Smith
International Journal
of Refrigeration
2015
 Different ways of generating the magnetic field
used in a magnetic refrigeration device have
been discussed and it has been shown that
permanent magnets are the only viable solution,
at present, to common household magnetic
refrigeration devices
2 Magnetic Refrigeration-A
Review-A born for the
coming generations
Dr. L.C Singal,Aishna
Mahajan,Rajwinder
Singh
SSRG International
Journal of Mechanical
Engineering
2016
 Magnetic cooling devices can offer a similar or
improved performance than traditional vapor
compression refrigeration systems.
 Superconducting magnets are only feasible for
large scale applications otherwise it will be a big
drawback for magnetic refrigeration for common
applications
6
30 June 2022

7. 3 Overview for published
Magneto caloric
Materials used in
Magnetic refrigeration
application
Aedah M. Jawad
Mahdy
International Journal
of Computation and
Applied Sciences
2018
 This article presents a review size of the MCMs
used in magnetic refrigeration researcher's desire
to improve their environment by changing the
reality of the MCMs currently used
 Thermal management technology relying on the
use of the various metallic materials and new high
performance alloys named Magneto caloric
Materials (MCMs) as the refrigerant
4 Study of magnetic
refrigeration
Sujay Kulkarni,Anil
Mashalkar
international journal
for
engineering,applicatio
n and management
2018
 Magnetic cooling technology proven that it is
environmentally safe. Computer models have
shown 25% efficiency improvements over
vapour compression System
 There are still some thermal and magnetic
hysteresis problems to be solved for the materials
that exhibit the MCE to become really useful
7
30 June 2022

8. 5 A review of room
temperature magneto
caloric materials for
home appliance
P.Kumaran,V.Giridhara
n,M.Hariharan
International journal
of pure and applied
mathematics.
2018
 From the report results of above mentioned
materials, we concluded the best-suited material
for refrigeration at room temperature.
 The Gd alloys show a good response to
magnetization with huge temperature and
entropy change.
 The Lanthanum material is not useful for a
commercial purpose even it possesses room
temperature.
6 Use of magneto caloric
material for magnetic
refrigeration system
I.A.Abdul
Latif,Mahrous R
Ahmed
Material science
research India
2019
 It is clear that theoretical and experimental
efforts are going to develop new materials for
magnetic refrigeration applications as green and
friendly environmentally technology to reduce the
pollution.
 The achieved scientific efforts to find optimum
and promising properties for the magnetic
refrigeration application are great and there are
reasonable progress because of the promising
results achieved in this field
8
30 June 2022

9. 7 Magnetic
refrigeration:The
modern refrigeration
technique
Pranav Pachpande
S.A.Karve
International Journal
of
analytical,experimenta
l and finite element
analysis
2020
 This paper involves the information about type of
newly refrigeration and its working principle,
operating cycle of the cooling due to the magnetic
field
 According to this effect( Magneto-Caloric effect
MCE) when magnetic material like gadolinium is
subjected to field developed due to the magnet,
temperature of that material increases and when
source to develop the magnetic field is removed it
returns to its normal temperature
8 Magnetic refrigeration
design
technologies:State of
the art and general
perspectives
Ali Alahmer,Malik Al-
Amayreh,Ahmed O
Mostafa
Molecular Diversity
Preservation
International(MDPI)
2021
 While magnetic refrigeration is a highly effective
and environmentally friendly refrigeration system, it
still requires development in several areas before it
can be used in a broad variety of applications, such
as domestic refrigerators and air conditioners, since
it has a limited temperature span and cooling
capability
 The cooling potential of magnetic refrigeration is
determined by the magnitude of its MCE
 The cooling effect would be improved if the
magneto caloric material (MCM) volume or the
magnet volume were increased 9
30 June 2022

10. 30 June 2022 10
A Review on Magneto-Caloric
Materials for Room Temperature
Refrigeration
S. M. Gombi and D. Sahu
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
AUTOMOTIVE AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING (IJAME)
2021
 Among several materials
considered, the least amount of
material will be required if
Gd60Al20Co20 is used as
magnetic material to build a
a magnetic refrigeration system

11. 11
30 June 2022
 Gadolinium is benchmark material
 Magnetic caloric materials are classified into two based on phase transition from
ferromagnetic to paramagnetic state. i) first-order material (FOM) and ii) second-order
material (SOM) .
 The commonly used methods for extraction process are reduction and sol-gel method
 The temperature ranges of the MCE of SOMs (e.g. Gd) is larger than those exhibited by
the FOMs. At a certain temperature known as the Curie temperature, the ferromagnetic
to paramagnetic state transition occurs.
 The curie point of gadolinium is 20℃(68F) which is near to room temparature
Literature Review Findings

12. 30 June 2022 12
PROBLEM STATEMENT
 Current use of Hydro Fluoro Carbon (HFC) in VCRS is expected to be globally
phased out within next 30-40 year
 Magnetic cooling stands out in the list of alternative technologies for replacing
VCR technology because of its remarkable efficiency advantage.
 An efficient system for magnetic cooling is still in growing stage.
 Near room temperature materials to be used in magnetic refrigerator that
undergo MCE are really costly

13. 30 June 2022 13
METHODOLOGY

14. 14
30 June 2022
Synthesis of magneto caloric material
Gadolinium from gadolinium oxide
Gadolinium from gadolinium nitrate
Characterisation of magneto-caloric
materials
Measurement of magnetic refrigeration effect using
test rig
Comparison of various magnetic caloric
materials

15. 30 June 2022 15
v
Methods for the synthesis of Magneto-caloric material
1. Reduction method:
2. Sol-Gel method

16. 30 June 2022 16
Extraction of Gd from Gd2O3
1. Reduction method:
Procedure:
Gadolinium reduced from Gadolinium oxide by heating it in the presence of
hydrogen heating for 4-8 hours
Chemical Reaction:
Gd2O3 + 3H2 2Gd+3H2

17. 30 June 2022 17
Figure 1: Cylindrical tube used for material preparation
Cylindrical Tube
Stainless steel 216
1cm inner diameter
15cm Length

18. 18
30 June 2022
Figure 2: Experimental setup used for the extraction of gadolinium from its compound
2(a) 2(b)
Experimental Setup
Hydrogen Cylinde
Furnac
e
Temparature
controller

19. 30 June 2022 19
Extraction of Gd from Gd(NO3)3
 Method of synthesis: Sol gel method
 Chemical Reaction:
Gd(NO3)3 + 3NH4OH → Gd(OH)3 + 3NH4NO3
2Gd(OH)3 + 3H2 → 2Gd + 6H2O
[(22.5g of Gd(NO3)3+500ml of distilled water) + (75ml of NH4OH+75ml
distilled water)]
 NH4OH added by providing sufficient heat and stirring
 The material obtained is filtered,washed and dried in oven at 110℃ for 6
hours[Gd(OH)3]

20. 30 June 2022 20
Figure 3: Material preparation
3(a) Stirring 3(b)Filtering and washing

21. 30 June 2022 21
2:Reduction
 Procedure:
Gadolinium reduced from Gadolinium oxide by heating it in the
presence of hydrogen heating for 4-8 hours
 Chemical Reaction:
2Gd(OH)3 + 3H2 → 2Gd + 6H2O

22. 30 June 2022 22
Characterasation Methods
1.X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)
In XRD graph (Intensity vs 2 theta) is used to find the nature of the
material. For sharp peak the material may be taken as crystalline. For broader peak it
may be poly crystalline, while in case where there is no peak, but some noisy pattern,
then the materials is said to have amorphous nature
2.Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
one of the most widely used instrumental methods for the examination
and analysis of micro- and nanoparticle imaging characterization of solid objects. One
of the reasons that SEM is preferred for particle size analysis is due to its resolution of
10 nm, that is, 100 Å
3. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
particularly useful for online monitoring of polymer composition. Its
ability to fingerprint chemical components allows FTIR to determine the constituents of
a chemical process. It has been applied to the analysis of solid, liquid, and gaseous
process streams

23. 30 June 2022 23
Figure 4: Magnetic refrigeration test rig
Regenerator
Electromagnet
Pump
Cold Heat
exchanger
Thermocouple
Experiment test rig of Active magnetic regenerative
refrigeration system

24. 24
30 June 2022
TIMELINE
WORKS DATE STATUS
Literature Review 15/12/2021 Completed
Writing review paper 07/01/2021 Completed
Reduction of gadolinium oxide at R&D lab 19/12/2021 Completed
Reduction of gadolinium nitrate at R&D lab 25/03/2022 Completed
XRD analysis of these samples at STIC,CUSAT 10/05/2022 Completed
Taking SEM & FTIR of these samples 29/05/2022 Completed
Analysis and comparision of result obtained from
these tests
20/06/2022 Completed
Testing of magnetic refrigeration using magnetic
refrigeration test rig
27/06/2022 Completed

25. 30 June 2022 25
COST ANALYSIS
SL NO ITEMS AMOUNT(Rs)
1 Gadolinium Oxide 5510
2 Hydrogen Cylinder 6736
3 Gadolinium Nitrate 5510
4 XRD Analysis 2640
5 SEM Analysis 1200
6 FTIR Analysis 640
TOTAL 21936

26. 30 June 2022 26
 The cost of 10g of pure Gadolinium is 1098 RS.
 The cost of 10g Gadolinium extracted from its component(oxide and
nitrate) using our experiment is
 Gd from Gd2O3 : 220(cost of 10g 0f Gd2O3)+120(Expenses include
electricity,Hydrogen etc.)=340 RS
 Gd from Gd(NO3)3 : 220(cost of 10g 0f Gd(NO3)3)+160(Expenses include
electricity,Hydrogen,Ammonium etc.)=380 RS

27. 30 June 2022 27
Figure 5 : XRD result of Gd from Gd2O3 at 700℃ Figure 6 : XRD result of Gd from Gd(NO3)3 at 700℃
In XRD graph (Intensity vs 2 theta) is used to find the nature of the material. For sharp peak the material may be
taken as crystalline. For broader peak it may be poly crystalline, while in case where there is no peak, but some
noisy pattern, then the materials is said to have amorphous nature
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

28. 30 June 2022 28
Figure 7 : XRD pattern of pure gadolinium
Reference:
Mar 2010
Hong Zeng
Jiuxing Zhang
Chunjiang Kuang

29. 30 June 2022 29
Figure 8 :figures showing GD from its oxides in various Resolution at 700℃
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most widely used instrumental methods for the examination
and analysis of micro- and nanoparticle imaging characterization of solid objects. One of the reasons that SEM is
preferred for particle size analysis is due to its resolution of 10 nm, that is, 100 Å

30. 30 June 2022 30
Figure 9 : Figures showing GD from its nitrate at various resolution at 700℃

31. 30 June 2022 31
Figure 10 : SEM data of raw gadolinium
Reference:
01 April 2021
Solid-State
Synthesis of
Nanocrystalline
Gadolinium
Zirconate Using
Mechanical
Activation
A. M. Kalinkin, V. Yu.

32. 30 June 2022 32
Figure 11(a) :FTIR data of GD from its oxide at 700℃ Figure 11(b) : FTIR data of GD from its nitrate at 700℃
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is particularly useful for online monitoring of polymer
composition. Its ability to fingerprint chemical components allows FTIR to determine the constituents of a
chemical process. It has been applied to the analysis of solid, liquid, and gaseous process streams.

33. 30 June 2022 33
Figure 12 :FTIR data of pure GD
Reference:
15 April 2016
Journal of Alloys
and Compounds

34. 30 June 2022 34
Material Gd From
Gd2O3
Gd From Gd
(NO3)3
Synthesize
temperature 0C
700 700
Temperature
change
0.1 0.2
MRE
(Experimental)
(kW)
0.00418 0.00836

35. 30 June 2022 35
CONCLUSION
Gadolinium was extracted from it's oxides and nitrates of various temprature using
reduction and sol-gel method.By characterization of these compunds through
SEM(Scanning electron microscope) XRD(X-ray diffraction analysis) FTIR(Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy) it was found out that results of gadolinium Extracted matched with
that of pure gadolinium.Also the magnetic refrigeration effect was found to be 0.00418KJ/S
at synthesized temp of 700 with a temperature of 0.2°c

36. 30 June 2022 36
REFERENCE
[1]. R. Bjork, C.R.H. Bhal,A.Smith.International Journal of Refrigeration. Review and comparison of
magnet designs for magnetic refrigeration.2015
[2]. Dr. L.C Singal,Aishna Mahajan,Rajwinder Singh.SSRG International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering.Magnetic Refrigeration-A Review-A born for the coming generations.2016
[3] Aedah M. Jawad Mahdy.International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences.
Overview for published Magneto caloric Materials used in Magnetic refrigeration
application.2018
[4]. Sujay Kulkarni,Anil Mashalkar.international journal for engineering,application and
management. Study of magnetic refrigeration.2018
[5]. P.Kumaran,V.Giridharan,M.Hariharan.International journal of pure and applied mathematics. A
review of room temperature magneto caloric materials for home appliance.2018
[6]. I.A.Abdul Latif,Mahrous R Ahmed.Material science research India. Use of magneto caloric
material for magnetic refrigeration system.2019
[7]. Pranav Pachpande S.A.Karve.International Journal of analytical,experimental and finite
element analysis. Magnetic refrigeration:The modern refrigeration technique.2020
[8]. Ali Alahmer,Malik Al-Amayreh,Ahmed O Mostafa.Molecular Diversity Preservation
International(MDPI). Magnetic refrigeration design technologies:State of the art and general
perspectives.2021

37. THANK YOU
37
30 June 2022