Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Environmental-sugirtha
1.
2.
3. Environmental Pollution is an
international journal that
focuses on papers that report
results from original research
on the distribution and
ecological effects of pollutants
in air, water and soil
environments.
4. Noise Pollution
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Soil Pollution
Radioactive Pollution
5.
6. Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or
machine-createdenvironmental noise that disrupts the activity or
balance of human or animal life. The wordnoise may be from the
Latin word nauseas, which means disgust or discomfort.[1] The
source of most outdoor noise worldwide is
mainly construction and transportation systems, including motor
vehicle noise, aircraft noise, and rail noise. Poor urban
planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side
industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in
the residential area.
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in
humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and
vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence of coronary artery
disease.
8. On Human Being, Animal and Property:
Noise has always been with the human
civilization but it was never so obvious, so
intense, so varied & so pervasive as it is
seen in the last of this century. Noise
pollution makes men more irritable. The
effect of noise pollution is multifaceted & inter
related.
10. There are many methods which help to
control the noise pollution. The source of noise
must be reduced. The path of transmission of
sound must be stopped and the receiver of
noise must be safe guarded. The amount of
traffic must be reduced near the residential
homes,educational institutes and hospitals. The
machinery must be redesigned and the vehicles
must be properly maintained. The acoustical
furnishing must be done so that the sound can
be absorbed.
13. Air pollution is the introduction into
the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter,
orbiological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or
death to humans, damage other living organisms such as
food crops, or damage the natural environment or built
environment.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous
system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air
pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human
health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as
two of the World’s Worst Toxic Pollution Problems in the
2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places
report.
15. Exposure to air pollution is associated with numerous effects on
human health, including pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and neurological
impairments. The health effects vary greatly from person to
person. High-risk groups such as the elderly, infants, pregnant women,
and sufferers from chronic heart and lung diseases are more susceptible
to air pollution. Children are at greater risk because they are generally
more active outdoors and their lungs are still developing. Exposure to air
pollution can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term)
health effects. Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible
when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include
eye irritation, headaches, and nausea. Chronic effects are usually not
immediate and tend not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant
ends. Some chronic health effects include decreased lung capacity and
lung cancer resulting from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants. The
scientific techniques for assessing health impacts of air pollution include
air pollutant monitoring, exposure assessment, dosimetry, toxicology,
and epidemiology.
17. There are other ways to reduce emissions besides using pollution
control equipment--prevent emissions to begin with. Air quality permits
help minimize, reduce or prevent emissions as much as possible by
placing requirements on how things are done.
Permits can specify the quantity, type, or quality of fuel or other
substance used in a process. For example, a permit might specify the
maximum percent of sulfur that can exist in the coal to reduce sulfur
dioxide emissions. A permit may specify the quantity of volatile
chemicals in paint, solvent, adhesive or other product used in large
quantity during manufacturing. Permits can also help reduce the impact
of emitted pollutants on local air by specifying smokestack height and
other factors.
Engineers can also set combustion specifications to minimize
emissions. For example, to help reduce nitrogen oxide formation, the
combustion conditions in the furnace can be altered. These options are
often reviewed, studied and best choices made depending upon cost,
plant design and many other variables.
20. Water pollution is the contamination
of water bodies
(e.g. lakes, rivers,oceans, aquifers and groundwater).
Water pollution occurs when pollutantsare discharged
directly or indirectly into water bodies without
adequatetreatment to remove harmful compounds.
Water pollution affects plants and organisms
living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the
effect is damaging not only to individual species and
populations, but also to the natural biological
communities.
22. The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what
chemicals are dumped and in what locations.
Boston Harbor is a strong example of how badly pollution can
damage bodies of water. The water is filled with toxic waste and
sewage, and routinely receives more waste when rainfall pushes
it into the harbor.
Many bodies of water near urban areas are highly
polluted. This is the result of both garbage dumped by individuals
and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped by
industries.
The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life
that inhabits water-based ecosystems. Dead
fish, birds, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on
beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat.
24. It Is best controlled by the dilution of water.
The pollutants must be treated chemically and must be
converted into the non toxic substances. The low level of
radioactive wastes in the water is removed by the
oxidation of ponds. There are certain chemicals which act
on the organic insecticideand are used in the pesticide.
There are different techniques which are very helpful in
the process of thermal pollution and involve the cooling,
evaporation, water cooling; cooling can be wet or dry.
Their main aim is to keep the water cool in rivers and
streams. The shallow ponds must be used to store the
domestic and industrial wastes. One must avoid the large
ponds. The waste has a presence of sunlight and organic
nutrients which may lead to the larger growth of bacteria
which act on the waste matter.
27. Soil contamination or soil pollution is caused by the presence
of xenobiotic(human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural
soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural
chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals
involved are petroleumhydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene), solvents,
pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated
with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage.[citation
needed]
The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health
risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the
contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water supplies
within and underlying the soil.[1]Mapping of contaminated soil sites and
the resulting cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring
extensive amounts of geology,hydrology, chemistry, computer
modeling skills, and GIS in Environmental Contamination, as well as an
appreciation of the history of industrial chemistry.
29. The effects of pollution on soil are quite alarming and can cause
huge disturbances in the ecological balance and health of living
creatures on earth. Some of the most serious soil pollution effects are:
Decrease in soil fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield. How
can one expect contaminated soil to produce healthy crops?
Loss of soil and natural nutrients present in it. Plants also would not
thrive in such soil, which would further result in soil erosion.
Disturbance in the balance of flora and fauna residing in the soil.
Increase in salinity of the soil, which therefore makes it unfit for
vegetation, thus making it useless and barren.
Generally crops cannot grow and flourish in polluted soil. Yet, if some
crops manage to grow, they would be poisonous enough to cause
serious health problems in people consuming them.
Creation of toxic dust is another potential effect of soil pollution.
Foul smell due to industrial chemicals and gases might result in
headaches, fatigue, nausea, etc., in many people.
31. It includes the limited use of fertilizers and
pesticides. The biological control method must be
known and implemented. The grazing must be
controlled and forest managementshould be done
properly. The afforestation and reforestation must be
done. In areas of wind erosion wind breaks and
shields must be used. The soil binding grass must be
planted and the large trees must be placed along the
banks. The industrial wastes must be dumped in the
low lying areas. There is a definite technique of
cropping which does not allow the weeds to settle on
the fields. The mining ways must be improved along
with their transportation. The area must not be left
barren and dry.
35. DEFINITION
Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in
the radio and electromagnetic spectrums outside their allocations
that cause problems for some activities.It is of particular concern
to radio astronomers.
Radio spectrum pollution is mitigated by effective spectrum
management. Within the United States, the Communications Act
of 1934grants authority for spectrum management to the
President for all federal use (47 USC 305). The National
Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)
manages the spectrum for the Federal Government. Its rules are
found in the "Manual of Regulations & Procedures for Federal
Radio Frequency Management". The Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) manages and regulates all domestic non-
federal spectrum use (47 USC 301).Each country typically has
their own spectrum regulatory organization.
Internationally, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
coordinates spectrum policy.
37. The first effects were noted in the early 20th century. The
people who were working in the uranium mines suffer from skin
burn and cancer. These occur due to the radiations from the
radioactive material. The different organisms show different
sensitivity to the radiations. There are certain conditions in
which the oak trees can survive but the pine trees are not able to
do so. The plants which are present at the high altitudes have a
multiple set of chromosomes which is referred as a polyploidy. It
helps in the protection from radiations. The southern part of our
country has a large number of radiations which are harmful and
are background in nature and occur in the coastal areas. The
cells which divide rapidly are also damaged easily. It includes the
skin cells, intestinal cells, bone marrow and gonads. The cells
which do not divide rapidly are also not damaged easily.
39. It includes the stoppage of leakage from the
radioactive materials including the nuclear
reactors, industries and laboratories. The
disposal of radioactive material must be safe
and secure. They must be stored in the safe
places and must be changed into harmless
form. The wastes with a very low radiation must
be put into the sewage. The nuclear
power plants must follow all the safe
instructions. The protective garments must be
worn by the workers who work in the nuclear
plants. The natural radiation must be at the
permissible limits and they must not cross it.
41. Presence of dangerous unnatural ingredeints causing imbalance in
the ecosystems and health hazards to human beings and animals is
called pollution.
Pollution is mainly found in air, water, soil, food and sound.
Major human activities like industries, agriculture, health care,
transport, dwelling and energy generation are the causes of pollution.
Many industries like textile, paper, steel, sugar, petroleum, food,
chemical and cement industries cause air pollution, water pollution and
soil pollution.
Industrial pollutants include gases like methane, cyanides, carbon
tetrachloride, carbon disulphides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
disulphides, hydrochloric acids, ammonia, sulphur dioxide as well as
multiples of liquid / solid compounds.
Modern agriculture - encouraging the large scale of fertilizers and
pesticides - is primary cause of drinking water pollution.
